antoineg said:Robert Chung said:
In addition, there's some theoretical support
for the notion that cheating is more common among those who are
desperately trying to avoid failure than those who are trying to move
from the second rung to the top.
Don't believe this for a second. Where are the published studies that
"theoretically support" this position? Or is just you doing the
theorizing?
Hmmm. Well, this isn't particularly new theory. I'd say that it's been
around for several decades but there was another spurt in its development
in the early 1980's. Typical from that period would be Burt's book on
network models and social structure under competition. But the newer stuff
is the experimental game theory work on repeated games in close
competition with hierarchical ordering: there're a bunch of articles in
AER and JPE. All it requires is asymmetric loss functions with
discontinuities and there are lots of examples of that around. Basically,
all this work says is that desperate people are more willing to take
risks, even for fixed returns.
Anecdotes aren't data so I don't usually share them but, as a personal
anecdote, I've caught more C students cheating than A students. Of course,
it may be that the A students are better at hiding their cheating than C
students, which is why this is an anecdote.
One of the funny little things that I noticed from the Manzano affair is
that he said the pressure to dope increased during his second year as a
pro, not from the very beginning. That suggests to me that when he was
still an unknown quantity, the team took a wait and see attitude, perhaps
thinking that he might be one of the guys who could succeed on his own
natural ability. If the team really did think that everyone dopes all the
time and that it was impossible to win cleanly, why wouldn't they have put
him on the program in his very first year?
Here's another little thing I've been thinking about: Millar admits to
taking EPO twice. Why only twice? Why not all the time? If you go back and
read the contemporaneous stories, it sounds like the pressure to dope came
in spurts, not evenly.