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Idebenone and Iron toxicity

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General fitness, health and nutrition
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19 May 2004
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Visionary
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  1. Hi Folks

    I am having bloodtests done to see if I have iron-deficiency
    anemia. If I do have to supplement Iron is there anything I
    can take to reduce the potential toxic effects from Iron
    supplementation. High Iron levels have been implicated in
    heart disease of course.

    I know about getting my Non-Heme Iron (appears safer) from
    vegetables rather than getting Heme Iron from meat. Also I
    know that Vitamin C aids Iron absorption whereas Vitamin E,
    Zinc, Calcium, Oxalates, etc. inhibit its absorption.

    But is there any supplements I can take to lessen Iron
    toxicity? Would Idebenone do this effectively. The following
    study seems to suggest this although I do not understand
    whether this would apply to people without Friedreich's
    ataxia and also whether it would apply to iron
    supplementation?

    Effect of idebenone on cardiomyopathy in Friedreich's
    ataxia: a preliminary study.

    Rustin P, von Kleist-Retzow JC, Chantrel-Groussard K, Sidi
    D, Munnich A, Rotig A.

    Unite de Recherches sur les Handicaps Genetiques de
    l'Enfant (INSERM
    U393), Paris, France.

    BACKGROUND: Friedreich's ataxia is caused by a deficiency of
    frataxin, a protein involved in regulation of mitochondrial
    iron content. We have reported a combined deficiency of a
    Krebs-cycle enzyme, aconitase, and three mitochondrial respiratory-
    chain complexes in endomyocardial biopsy samples from
    patients with this disorder. All four enzymes share iron-
    sulphur cluster-containing proteins that are damaged by iron
    overload through generation of oxygen free radicals. We used
    an in-vitro system to elucidate the mechanism of iron-
    induced injury and to test the protective effects of various
    substances. On the basis of these results, we assessed the
    effect of idebenone (a free-radical scavenger) in three
    patients with Friedreich's ataxia. METHODS: Heart
    homogenates from patients with valvular stenosis were tested
    for respiratory-chain complex II activity, lipoperoxidation,
    and aconitase activity by spectrophotometric assays, in the
    presence of reduced iron (Fe2+), oxidised iron (Fe3+),
    desferrioxamine, ascorbic acid, and idebenone. The
    Friedreich's ataxia patients (aged 11 years, 19 years, and
    21 years) underwent ultrasonographic heart measurements at
    baseline and after 4-9 months of idebenone (5 mg/kg daily).
    FINDINGS: Fe2+ (but not Fe3+) decreased complex II activity
    and increased lipoperoxidation in heart homogenate. Addition
    of ascorbate or desferrioxamine increased some of the iron-
    induced adverse effects. Idebenone protected against these
    effects. In the three patients, left-ventricular mass index
    decreased from baseline to 4-9 months of idebenone treatment
    (patient 1, 145 g to 114 g; patient 2, 215 g to 151 g;
    patient 3, 408 g to 279 g). INTERPRETATION: Our in-vitro
    data suggest that both iron chelators and antioxidant drugs
    that may reduce iron are potentially harmful in patients
    with Friedreich's ataxia. Conversely, our preliminary
    findings in patients suggest that idebenone protects heart
    muscle from iron-induced injury.

    PMID: 10465173 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

    also from James South: smart-drugs.netJamesSouth
    idebenone.htm

    "Idebenone – Energy enhancement Iron is a "dual edged
    sword." It is absolutely essential for life, it plays a
    central role in ATP generation in the electron transport
    chain. Yet iron can also be a powerful initiator of free
    radical production and cell structural damage, especially
    under low oxygen conditions. This occurs, for example,
    during stroke, and during the gradual onset of Parkinson's
    disease. Studies have shown that Idebenone can tightly
    couple oxidation to energy production. This prevents iron
    ions from wastefully and toxically, diverting oxygen to
    producing free radicals inside the mitochondria, instead of
    energy. Studies have shown that Idebenone can almost
    completely eliminate this, diverting 10% of cellular oxygen
    away from toxic iron induced free radical generation, to
    beneficial ATP energy production under hypoxic conditions.
    Mild cellular hypoxia can occur even from intense exercise,
    or even from mild exercise done by out of shape "couch
    potatoes.""

  2. Here is another study showing the beneficial effects of
    Idebenone (and Vitamin E / Glutathione) on free radical
    injury caused by Iron and this time with Ascorbate. Anyone
    of the big scientific gurus here wish to comment on whether
    Idebenone has potential as a drug to limit the bad effects
    of too much Heme Iron? If not Idebenone then what else
    would help?

    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 29;246(3):703-10.
    Related Articles, Links

    The protective effect of vitamin E, idebenone and reduced
    glutathione on free radical mediated injury in rat brain
    synaptosomes.

    Cardoso SM, Pereira C, Oliveira CR.

    Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, University of
    Coimbra, Portugal.

    In the present study the effect of ascorbate (0.8 mM)/iron
    (2.5 microM) on lipid and protein oxidation, in Synaptosomes
    isolated from rat brain cortex, was evaluated. Vitamin E,
    idebenone and reduced glutathione were used as free radicals
    scavengers, in order to analyze the mechanism involved in
    ascorbate/iron-induced oxidative stress. An increased
    formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cytosol
    and in the mitochondria was observed, in ascorbate/iron
    treated synaptosomes. Idebenone (50 microM) prevented the
    increased formation of ROS in both synaptosomal
    compartments, vitamin E (150 microM) protected partially
    this formation in mitochondria, whereas reduced glutathione
    (250 microM) (GSH) was ineffective. After ascorbate/iron
    treatment an increase in lipid peroxidation occurred as
    compared to control, which was completely inhibited by
    idebenone. A decrease in protein-SH content was also
    observed, and it was prevented by Vitamin E, idebenone and
    GSH. When synaptosomes were treated with ascorbate/iron the
    levels of GSH decreased, and the levels of oxidized
    glutathione (GSSG) increased as compared to controls under
    these conditions. Glutathione peroxidase activity was
    unchanged, whereas an inhibition of glutathione reductase
    activity was observed. These data suggest that the increased
    formation of free radicals in synaptosomes leads to lipid
    and protein oxidation, the role of the endogenous GSH being
    essential to protect protein thiol-groups against oxidative
    damage in order to maintain enzyme activity.

    PMID: 9618276 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  3. Only 2 percent of the population have iron overload
    problems, with a similar percent iron anemic, 5 percent in
    women. Your doctor should consider how much iron and what
    type to increase, continuing testing will show when normal
    levels are reached. Supplementation might not be required
    if the source of your anemia is found, often a loss of
    blood in the di tract, and iron then can be normalised by
    your usual diet. In addition to those things which tend to
    increase or decrease iron absorption, the body has a built
    in control at the gut level which increases it when levels
    are low and decreases it when high. Meats, shellfish and
    organ meats are especially a good source, should bring it
    up. Discuss your concerns with your doc, the kind of
    problems you mention are not common and not likely to
    result from treatment for iron anemia.

    Quoted message said:

    I am having bloodtests done to see if I have iron-
    deficiency anemia. If I do have to supplement Iron is there
    anything I can take to reduce the potential toxic effects
    from Iron supplementation. High Iron levels have been
    implicated in heart disease of course.

    I know about getting my Non-Heme Iron (appears safer) from
    vegetables rather than getting Heme Iron from meat. Also I
    know that Vitamin C aids Iron absorption whereas Vitamin E,
    Zinc, Calcium, Oxalates, etc. inhibit its absorption.

    But is there any supplements I can take to lessen Iron
    toxicity? Would Idebenone do this effectively. The
    following study seems to suggest this although I do not
    understand whether this would apply to people without
    Friedreich's ataxia and also whether it would apply to iron
    supplementation?

    Effect of idebenone on cardiomyopathy in Friedreich's
    ataxia: a preliminary study.

    Rustin P, von Kleist-Retzow JC, Chantrel-Groussard K, Sidi
    D, Munnich A, Rotig A.

    Unite de Recherches sur les Handicaps Genetiques de
    l'Enfant (INSERM
    U393), Paris, France.

    BACKGROUND: Friedreich's ataxia is caused by a deficiency
    of frataxin, a protein involved in regulation of
    mitochondrial iron content. We have reported a combined
    deficiency of a Krebs-cycle enzyme, aconitase, and three
    mitochondrial respiratory-chain complexes in endomyocardial
    biopsy samples from patients with this disorder. All four
    enzymes share iron-sulphur cluster-containing proteins that
    are damaged by iron overload through generation of oxygen
    free radicals. We used an in-vitro system to elucidate the
    mechanism of iron-induced injury and to test the protective
    effects of various substances. On the basis of these
    results, we assessed the effect of idebenone (a free-
    radical scavenger) in three patients with Friedreich's
    ataxia. METHODS: Heart homogenates from patients with
    valvular stenosis were tested for respiratory-chain complex
    II activity, lipoperoxidation, and aconitase activity by
    spectrophotometric assays, in the presence of reduced iron
    (Fe2+), oxidised iron (Fe3+), desferrioxamine, ascorbic
    acid, and idebenone. The Friedreich's ataxia patients (aged
    11 years, 19 years, and 21 years) underwent
    ultrasonographic heart measurements at baseline and after
    4-9 months of idebenone (5 mg/kg daily). FINDINGS: Fe2+
    (but not Fe3+) decreased complex II activity and increased
    lipoperoxidation in heart homogenate. Addition of ascorbate
    or desferrioxamine increased some of the iron-induced
    adverse effects. Idebenone protected against these effects.
    In the three patients, left-ventricular mass index
    decreased from baseline to 4-9 months of idebenone
    treatment (patient 1, 145 g to 114 g; patient 2, 215 g to
    151 g; patient 3, 408 g to 279 g). INTERPRETATION: Our in-
    vitro data suggest that both iron chelators and antioxidant
    drugs that may reduce iron are potentially harmful in
    patients with Friedreich's ataxia. Conversely, our
    preliminary findings in patients suggest that idebenone
    protects heart muscle from iron-induced injury.

    PMID: 10465173 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

    also from James South: smart-drugs.netJamesSouth
    idebenone.htm

    "Idebenone Energy enhancement Iron is a "dual edged sword."
    It is absolutely essential for life, it plays a central
    role in ATP generation in the electron transport chain. Yet
    iron can also be a powerful initiator of free radical
    production and cell structural damage, especially under low
    oxygen conditions. This occurs, for example, during stroke,
    and during the gradual onset of Parkinson's disease.
    Studies have shown that Idebenone can tightly couple
    oxidation to energy production. This prevents iron ions
    from wastefully and toxically, diverting oxygen to
    producing free radicals inside the mitochondria, instead of
    energy. Studies have shown that Idebenone can almost
    completely eliminate this, diverting 10% of cellular oxygen
    away from toxic iron induced free radical generation, to
    beneficial ATP energy production under hypoxic conditions.
    Mild cellular hypoxia can occur even from intense exercise,
    or even from mild exercise done by out of shape "couch
    potatoes.""

  4. There seems to be a conflict of view concerning idebenone floating
    around on this newsgroup. To quote a previous poster in this thread:

    Quoted message said:

    Idebenone (50 microM) prevented the increased formation of
    ROS in both synaptosomal compartments,

    and to quote a poster from another thread:

    Quoted message said:

    Note the statement: "Short chain coenzyme Q (CoQ)
    analogues enhance ROS formation". Idebenone is a "short
    chain coenzyme Q (CoQ) analogue" which is why I
    discontinued using it and have advised against it since a
    previous study found this same thing to be true. I use
    only CoQ10. --Paul Wakfer

    so which is it. pubmed doesn't return many results for
    "idebenone".

  5. karnisov said:

    There seems to be a conflict of view concerning idebenone
    floating around on this newsgroup. To quote a previous
    poster in this thread:

    Quoted message said:

    Idebenone (50 microM) prevented the increased formation of
    ROS in both synaptosomal compartments,

    and to quote a poster from another thread:

    Quoted message said:

    Note the statement: "Short chain coenzyme Q (CoQ)
    analogues enhance ROS formation". Idebenone is a "short
    chain coenzyme Q (CoQ) analogue" which is why I
    discontinued using it and have advised against it since a
    previous study found this same thing to be true. I use
    only CoQ10. --Paul Wakfer

    so which is it. pubmed doesn't return many results for
    "idebenone".

    The answer is that there is insufficient evidence to give a
    definitive answer. There are lots of other things to use in
    place of idebenone and until there is more positive evidence
    of lifespan increasing benefit, I think it is better to
    place "safe". If I had one of the few diseases/syndromes for
    which is has shown particular benefit then I would use it.

    My approach to this supplement is similar to my approach to
    glucosamine in that respect. (Glucosamine may increase
    insulin resistance, but if had severe arthritis, I would
    certainly be using it.)

    --Paul Wakfer

    MoreLife for the rational - morelife.orgmorelife.org Reality
    based tools for more life in quantity and quality The Self-
    Sovereign Individual Project - selfsip.orgselfsip.org Rational
    freedom by self-sovereignty & social contracting

  6. [email hidden] (karnisov) wrote in message news:<[email hidden]>...

    Quoted message said:

    There seems to be a conflict of view concerning idebenone
    floating around on this newsgroup. To quote a previous
    poster in this thread:

    Quoted message said:

    Idebenone (50 microM) prevented the increased formation
    of ROS in both synaptosomal compartments,

    and to quote a poster from another thread:

    Quoted message said:

    Note the statement: "Short chain coenzyme Q (CoQ)
    analogues enhance ROS formation". Idebenone is a "short
    chain coenzyme Q (CoQ) analogue" which is why I
    discontinued using it and have advised against it since
    a previous study found this same thing to be true. I use
    only CoQ10. --Paul Wakfer

    so which is it. pubmed doesn't return many results for
    "idebenone".

    To be fair, regarding the mitochondria targeted form of
    idebenone:

    "MitoQ counteracts telomere shortening and elongates
    lifespan of fibroblasts under mild oxidative stress.
    Saretzki G, Murphy MP, von Zglinicki T. Institute of Aging
    and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4
    6BE, UK. PMID: 12882327 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]"

    Given the mechanism by which idebenone is believed to
    increase superoxide production, one would think that the
    mitochondria targeted derivative would be 'particularly'
    effective at increasing superoxide production -- thereby
    increasing oxidative stress -- and yet what little evidence
    there is suggests the opposite.

    Also, although idebenone is believed to increase production
    of superoxide, it is also a scavenger of it, and there are
    studies showing that it is effective in lowering oxidative
    stress in general. Moreover, vigorous exercise also causes a
    substantial increase in superoxide production, and other
    popular supplements (e.g. ALCAR) may potentially increase
    production of ROS. For example, where ALCAR or R-ALA by
    itself may potentially increase oxidative stress in younger
    animals according to limited studies, there is some evidence
    that the combination of the two may lower it. And while
    exercise by itself may modestly increase lifespan in
    animals, it's possible that the anti-aging effect of
    exercise may be substantially increased by supplementing
    with various antioxidants, given that exercise increases
    production of ROS.

    Regardless of whether or not the net effect of idebenone for
    healthy individuals is positive or negative, the evidence
    that it increases production of superoxide should at the
    least reinforce the importance of trying to maintain redox
    balance for those who take supplements. Many antioxidants
    have been shown to have the ability to become pro-oxidants
    under certain conditions, not the least of which is CoQ10.
    Whereas a certain particular antioxidant may potentially
    increase oxidative stress in animals if taken alone, I
    believe a complex network of antioxidants will be more
    likely to lower oxidative stress, even in young and healthy
    animals. The problem is, there is very little published
    research documenting the effects of concomitant
    administration of multiple 'powerful' antioxidants in vivo.
    I've always believed that lifespan studies showing
    disappointing results for individual antioxidants lack
    significance or may even be misleading for this reason.

    A particular antioxidant solely administered:

    ** may increase oxidative stress through pro-oxidant
    mechanisms or by increasing root production of ROS.

    ** may be too weak at safe dosages to significantly lower
    oxidative stress enough to realize a substantial positive
    effect on the rate of aging

    ** may not be broad-spectrum enough to be effective on its
    own to slow aging and/or may only be effective against ROS
    which are not strongly associated with the aging process

    ** may not have sufficient bioavailability or absorption

    ** may not be both fat and water soluble, and thus have
    limited effectiveness for different tissues and different
    parts of the cell

    ** may or may not easily cross the BBB

    ** etc.

    Ryan

  7. [email hidden] (rs) wrote in
    :"]news:[email hidden]:

    What about Idebenone as a nootropic? I hear that it has
    potential long term nootropic effects can someone
    clarify/elaborate on this?

  8. Anonymite <[email hidden]> wrote in message news:<[email hidden]>...

    Quoted message said:

    [email hidden] (rs) wrote in
    :"]news:[email hidden]:

    What about Idebenone as a nootropic? I hear that it has
    potential long term nootropic effects can someone
    clarify/elaborate on this?

    Summary of putative nootropic effect here:

    smart-drugs.netJamesSouth idebenone.htm

    Interesting, albeit unrelated news on idebenone concerns
    it's apparent beneficial effects on skin:

    "Idebenone is an antioxidant. Antioxidants protect cells
    from environmental damage, improve the appearance of fine
    lines, reduce dryness, and smooth skin texture. Studies show
    that Idebenone is more powerful in preventing cell damage
    than 5 other popular antioxidants- Vitamin C, Vitamin E,
    Coenzyme Q10, Kinetin, and alpha lipoic acid.

    ************************

    It will be a key ingredient in a product called Prevage,
    from Allergan, the company that markets Botox. "

    dermatologytimes.comar
    ticleDetail.jsp?id=82191

    or

    snipurl.com6m1r

  9. (Visionary) said:

    Hi Folks

    I am having bloodtests done to see if I have iron-
    deficiency anemia. If I do have to supplement Iron is there
    anything I can take to reduce the potential toxic effects
    from Iron supplementation. High Iron levels have been
    implicated in heart disease of course.

    I know about getting my Non-Heme Iron (appears safer) from
    vegetables rather than getting Heme Iron from meat. Also I
    know that Vitamin C aids Iron absorption whereas Vitamin E,
    Zinc, Calcium, Oxalates, etc. inhibit its absorption.

    But is there any supplements I can take to lessen Iron
    toxicity? Would Idebenone do this effectively. The
    following study seems to suggest this although I do not
    understand whether this would apply to people without
    Friedreich's ataxia and also whether it would apply to iron
    supplementation?

    I will recommend one. Called IP6/phytate/phytic
    acid/inositol Hexaphosphate, etc.

    Found in grains and other seed crops like legumes. It's
    really interesting stuff.

    First- for the purposes of your inquiry, it's a natural
    chelator. It will grab on to stray iron atoms in tissues and
    protect the body from them. Naturally you will not want to
    take your iron (or other mineral) supplements at the same
    time as the IP6.

    Second- Your body will yank phosphate groups off the
    inositol backbone which makes a significant number of
    combinations and permutations of possible compounds- rather
    like key combinations. Your body uses these as various
    second messengers, signalling various processes within
    specific cell lines (such as immune cells). There is a lot
    published on its anticancer effects in animals.

    Third- those same permutations of IPx compounds are
    neurotransmitters in the brain- many associated with the
    NMDA system, the Hippocampus and the cerebellum.

    Anyway, as far as Iron and anemias are concerned, I was
    taking a lot of it for a while during a cancer scare.
    (fortunately, the scare was quenched when the work-up was
    negative). The IP6 did affect my blood count. First, my
    bematocrit went down slightly, but still within normal
    limits. Second, the size of my erythrocytes got a little
    smaller (but again, still within normal limits). If too
    small, it may suggest low iron. Interestingly, the size also
    got more monotonous that ususal. They were all the same size
    (after 120 days of use- the lifespan of the typical red
    blood cell).

    It seems to me, this might not be ideal for everyone, but I
    was very happy, given that iron is such an irritant to the
    body. My take was that all the excess Iron was locked up by
    the body as it should be.

    Say, I have kelos of food-grade 50% phytic acid soln (about
    1.1 molar, I think) I got from China. It's significantly
    cheaper than the name brand, but takes a minor chemical
    modification to get the pH up from about 0.3 to something
    consumable. (It buffers across most of the pH spectrum,
    having 12 differrent pKa's) I used sodium bicarb to produce
    something tasting of slightly sour seawater. If people want
    to purchase some, let me know. Take the "999" out from the
    following address: [email hidden] and contact me.

    -InfoHazard Not FDA approved. Your Milage May Vary. Do you
    know hat something with a pH of 0.3 will do to you?!?

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  10. InfoHazard <[email hidden]> wrote in message news:<[email hidden]>...

    Quoted message said:

    On 18 May 2004 19:19:13 -0700, [email hidden]

    (Visionary) said:

    Hi Folks

    I am having bloodtests done to see if I have iron-
    deficiency anemia.


    I will recommend one. Called IP6/phytate/phytic
    acid/inositol Hexaphosphate, etc.

    Quoted message said:

    Anyway, as far as Iron and anemias are concerned, I was
    taking a


    lot of it for a while during a cancer scare. (fortunately,
    the scare was quenched when the work-up was negative). The
    IP6 did affect my blood count. First, my bematocrit went
    down slightly, but still within normal limits. Second, the
    size of my erythrocytes got a little smaller (but again,
    still within normal limits). If too small, it may suggest
    low iron. Interestingly, the size also got more monotonous
    that ususal. They were all the same size (after 120 days
    of use- the lifespan of the typical red blood cell).

    Did you ever check your ferritin level?

    Quoted message said:


    It seems to me, this might not be ideal for everyone, but
    I was very happy, given that iron is such an irritant to
    the body. My take was that all the excess Iron was locked
    up by the body as it should be.

    Say, I have kelos of food-grade 50% phytic acid soln
    (about 1.1 molar, I think) I got from China.

    You are rather brave (to choose one descriptor), IMO, to
    ingest a chemical produced in China!

    It's significantly cheaper than the

    Quoted message said:

    name brand, but takes a minor chemical modification to get
    the pH up from about 0.3 to something consumable. (It
    buffers across most of the pH spectrum, having 12
    differrent pKa's) I used sodium bicarb to produce
    something tasting of slightly sour seawater. If people
    want to purchase some, let me know. Take the "999" out
    from the following address: [email hidden] and
    contact me.

    -InfoHazard Not FDA approved. Your Milage May Vary. Do you
    know hat something with a pH of 0.3 will do to you?!?

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  11. (tintinet) said:

    InfoHazard <[email hidden]> wrote in message
    news:<[email hidden]>...

    Quoted message said:

    On 18 May 2004 19:19:13 -0700, [email hidden]

    (Visionary) said:

    Hi Folks

    I am having bloodtests done to see if I have iron-
    deficiency anemia.


    I will recommend one. Called IP6/phytate/phytic
    acid/inositol Hexaphosphate, etc.

    Quoted message said:

    Anyway, as far as Iron and anemias are concerned, I was
    taking a


    lot of it for a while during a cancer scare.
    (fortunately, the scare was quenched when the work-up was
    negative). The IP6 did affect my blood count. First, my
    bematocrit went down slightly, but still within normal
    limits. Second, the size of my erythrocytes got a little
    smaller (but again, still within normal limits). If too
    small, it may suggest low iron. Interestingly, the size
    also got more monotonous that ususal. They were all the
    same size (after 120 days of use- the lifespan of the
    typical red blood cell).

    Did you ever check your ferritin level?

    Never Bothered. Labs basically within normal lmits (except
    RDW which is an obscure one) and I felt great.

    Quoted message said:
    Quoted message said:


    It seems to me, this might not be ideal for everyone, but
    I was very happy, given that iron is such an irritant to
    the body. My take was that all the excess Iron was locked
    up by the body as it should be.

    Say, I have kelos of food-grade 50% phytic acid soln
    (about 1.1 molar, I think) I got from China.

    You are rather brave (to choose one descriptor), IMO, to
    ingest a chemical produced in China!

    Heh. A large proportion of the products on the supplement
    market are manufactured in China and are remixed, packaged
    and marketed domestically.

    A decade or so ago China was having a little lead (Pb)
    problem with some of their herbals, but they tracked it
    down to old plumbing and fixed the ptroblem nationwide.

    They have become serious contenders on the world market in
    almost everything, in case you haven't noticed.

    I searched all over pub med, and the internet for recent
    medical reports of problems or any complaints, FDA reports,
    testing lab reports, lawsuits etc. involving Chinese
    manufactured supplements, herbals, pharmaceuticals or
    chemicals. Couldn't find anything beyond the Pb issue.

    Perhaps someone else here has? I'm always open to learn
    something new.

    Infohazard

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