Hypothermia And You...
08/11/04"Come, on finish that pasty or we'll all end up with
hypothermia..." Yep, it's that time of year again, the nights are
closing in, temperatures are dropping etc, ad nauseum. But what exactly
is hypothermia, how do you spot it, what should you do if you get it and
how should you avoid it in the first place?
What is hypothermia?
Pay attention now, hypopthermia, also known as 'exposure' is technically
when your core body temperature drops below the normal 35 degrees
centigrade, your normal body temperature is 37C. It happens when the
amount of heat you're losing can't be replaced by your body, so your
body temperature falls. The results are serious and can be fatal, one
text book lists a drop of 4C as causing disorientation, 7C leaves you in
a coma and a drop of 10C can be fatal.
So in very simple terms, it's a fall in body temperature cause because
you're losing more heat than you can produce. It's not just feeling 'a
bit cold', though that can be the start of it.
Spotting the symptons
Assuming you're not walking around with a thermometer permanently up
your butt, you need to be aware of possible signs that you, or your
mates are going hypothermic. Bear in mind that it's not always easy to
spot, particularly early on, but watch out for:
clumsiness - might look like drunkeness
disorientation
sudden bursts of energy
exhaustion
Classically a quick test is to ask the suspected victim to do some quick
mental arithmatic as a check on their mental function. Exhaustion and
hypothermia go hand in hand by the way, if you're very tired, your
metabolism slows, you don't kick out enough body heat, you become
hypothermic...
Treating Hypothermia
Stop and take stock. It's essential that you don't push on regardless
unless safety is very, very near. If the symptoms are mild, putting the
casualty in some sort of shelter, adding dry, warm clothes and, in
particular, a hat, and feeding them warm hot drinks and food may be
enough.
If things don't improve, put the casualty in a sleeping bag and insulate
them from the cold ground with a sleeping mat.
Recent research suggests that body to body warming can actually be
counter-productive since pooled acidic blood in the muscles is warmed
too quickly, reaches the heart and can cause cardiac arrest.
Heat packs placed at the victims armpits and groin are a better way of
raising the core body temperature without risking shock as are a warm
drink or soup if the victim is conscious.
Do not give the victim alcohol or coffee since both can cause heat loss.
Do not allow the victim to fall asleep.
Treat the victim gently, in severe cases of hypothermia, rough handling
can cause a chilled heart muscle to arrest.
Even when the victim has apparently recovered, they mustn't be allowed
to continue the hike. Instead, call or fetch help and, if possible, get
them evacuated from the hill so they can receive professional treatment.
Avoiding Hypothermia
The best solution to hypothermia is to avoid it in the first place,
which is doubly important when youre on your own, since disorientation
makes the condition hard to spot.
Where correct and sufficient clothing. Wind chill and damp are both your
enemy since both accelerate heat loss from the body, so wind and
water-proof clothing and insulation layers are crucial.
Cover your head - you lose a lot of heat through your noggin, while the
body will restrict blood flow to, say, your feet, your brain needs a
blood supply to function, so the stuff is always flowing up there. A
warm, windproof hat will make a big difference. Carry a spare too, it's
stupid dying because you dropped your hat...
Eat high energy foods regularly as you go - your body is like an engine
and if you don't fuel it, it'll stop running and stop producing heat.
Don't be over ambitious - tired walklers and climbers are far more
likely to get hypothermia, so be realistic about your day - if it's cold
and wet or very windy, consider shortening your route or maybe
cancelling altogether. If you're a little unfit, don't push yourself too
hard.
Kit To Carry
Particularly if you're part of a group, carrying the right kit can make
the difference between life and death. If you're backpacking, then
you'll have most of what you need to survive already so...
Your brain - no joke, pressing on regardless is what kills many
hypothermia victims. Having the presence of mind to realise that you
have a problem and need to deal with it is crucial, but difficult.
Spare warm clothing and a sleeping bag / down jacket can be crucial in
minimising heat loss in the victim. Bear in mind that other members of
the group will also need warm clothing once you stop. Hats are crucial.
An emergency shelter or bivvy bag - crucial to getting the victim out of
the wind. Group survival shelters are excellent and can also be used for
sheltered lunch stops and allow you to pool body heat.|
A sleeping or bivvy mat - ideally you want to insulate the casualty from
cold ground, if you don't have these, improvise using a pack and / or
spare clothing.
Stove, drinks and food. A lightweight stove and some soup or hot drinks
are a good move and you should always carry emergency, high energy food
as a back-up measure.
Heat pads - exothermic warming pads are a better way of warming a
casualty than body contact. Well worth adding to a group kit list.
We're not saying that you have to carry all of these in winter, but they
could make the difference between a minor scare and a fatality, so,
particularly if you're part of a group, think about sharing the above
out between you.
And Finally...
Hypothermia's not just for winter, it's perfectly possible to cop it in
spring or autumn, or even in summer, so let's be careful out there.