What specific interval training protocols have been shown to elicit the greatest improvements in lactate threshold, aerobic capacity, and muscular endurance in cyclists, and how can these protocols be tailored to suit the specific demands of varying types of events, such as gran fondos, criteriums, and stage races?
Are there any notable differences in the efficacy of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus high-volume, low-intensity interval training (HVLIT) for improving cycling performance, and how can coaches and athletes balance the need for intense interval work with the need for adequate recovery and periodization?
Furthermore, what role do variables such as work-to-rest ratio, interval duration, and cadence play in determining the effectiveness of interval training, and are there any emerging trends or research findings that suggest new or innovative approaches to interval training for cyclists?