Kludge? A little more complicated than previously hinted...
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:kludge: 1. /klooj/ n. Incorrect (though regrettably common) spelling of {kluge} (US). These two
words have been confused in American usage since the early 1960s, and widely confounded in Great
Britain since the end of World War II. 2. [TMRC] A {crock} that works. (A long-ago "Datamation"
article by Jackson Granholme similarly said: "An ill-assorted collection of poorly matching parts,
forming a distressing whole."😉 3. v. To use a kludge to get around a problem. "I've kludged around
it for now, but I'll fix it up properly later."
This word appears to have derived from Scots 'kludge' or 'kludgie' for a common toilet, via British
military slang. It apparently became confused with U.S. {kluge} during or after World War II; some
Britons from that era use both words in definably different ways, but {kluge} is now uncommon in
Great Britain. 'Kludge' in Commonwealth hackish differs in meaning from 'kluge' in that it lacks the
positive senses; a kludge is something no Commonwealth hacker wants to be associated too closely
with. Also, 'kludge' is more widely known in British mainstream slang than 'kluge' is in the U.S.
:kluge: /klooj/ [from the German 'klug', clever; poss. related to Polish 'klucz' (a key, a hint, a
main point)] 1. n. A Rube Goldberg (or Heath Robinson) device, whether in hardware or software. 2.
n. A clever programming trick intended to solve a particular nasty case in an expedient, if not
clear, manner. Often used to repair bugs. Often involves {ad-hockery} and verges on being a {crock}.
3. n. Something that works for the wrong reason. 4. vt. To insert a kluge into a program. "I've
kluged this routine to get around that weird bug, but there's probably a better way." 5. [WPI]
n. A feature that is implemented in a {rude} manner.
Nowadays this term is often encountered in the variant spelling 'kludge'. Reports from {old fart}s
are consistent that 'kluge' was the original spelling, reported around computers as far back as the
mid-1950s and, at that time, used exclusively of _hardware_ kluges. In 1947, the "New York Folklore
Quarterly" reported a classic shaggy-dog story 'Murgatroyd the Kluge Maker' then current in the
Armed Forces, in which a 'kluge' was a complex and puzzling artifact with a trivial function. Other
sources report that 'kluge' was common Navy slang in the WWII era for any piece of electronics that
worked well on shore but consistently failed at sea.
However, there is reason to believe this slang use may be a decade older. Several respondents have
connected it to the brand name of a device called a "Kluge paper feeder", an adjunct to mechanical
printing presses. Legend has it that the Kluge feeder was designed before small, cheap electric
motors and control electronics; it relied on a fiendishly complex assortment of cams, belts, and
linkages to both power and synchronize all its operations from one motive driveshaft. It was
accordingly temperamental, subject to frequent breakdowns, and devilishly difficult to repair -- but
oh, so clever! People who tell this story also aver that 'Kluge' was the name of a design engineer.
There is in fact a Brandtjen & Kluge Inc., an old family business that manufactures printing
equipment - interestingly, their name is pronounced /kloo'gee/! Henry Brandtjen, president of the
firm, told me (ESR, 1994) that his company was co-founded by his father and an engineer named Kluge
/kloo'gee/, who built and co-designed the original Kluge automatic feeder in 1919. Mr. Brandtjen
claims, however, that this was a _simple_ device (with only four cams); he says he has no idea how
the myth of its complexity took hold. Other correspondents differ with Mr. Brandtjen's history of
the device and his allegation that it was a simple rather than complex one, but agree that the Kluge
automatic feeder was the most likely source of the folklore.
{TMRC} and the MIT hacker culture of the early '60s seems to have developed in a milieu that
remembered and still used some WWII military slang (see also {foobar}). It seems likely that 'kluge'
came to MIT via alumni of the many military electronics projects that had been located in Cambridge
(many in MIT's venerable Building 20, in which {TMRC} is also located) during the war.
The variant 'kludge' was apparently popularized by the {Datamation} article mentioned above; it was
titled "How to Design a Kludge" (February 1962, pp. 30, 31). This spelling was probably imported
from Great Britain, where {kludge} has an independent history (though this fact was largely unknown
to hackers on either side of the Atlantic before a mid-1993 debate in the Usenet group
alt.folklore.computers over the First and Second Edition versions of this entry; everybody used to
think {kludge} was just a mutation of {kluge}). It now appears that the British, having forgotten
the etymology of their own 'kludge' when 'kluge' crossed the Atlantic, repaid the U.S. by lobbing
the 'kludge' orthography in the other direction and confusing their American cousins' spelling!
The result of this history is a tangle. Many younger U.S. hackers pronounce the word as /klooj/ but
spell it, incorrectly for its meaning and pronunciation, as 'kludge'. (Phonetically, consider huge,
refuge, centrifuge, and deluge as opposed to sludge, judge, budge, and fudge. Whatever its failings
in other areas, English spelling is perfectly consistent about this distinction.) British hackers
mostly learned /kluhj/ orally, use it in a restricted negative sense and are at least consistent.
European hackers have mostly learned the word from written American sources and tend to pronounce it
/kluhj/ but use the wider American meaning!
Some observers consider this mess appropriate in view of the word's meaning.
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from "The Jargon File", v 4.31. Now we all know :-)
Dave Larrington - legslarry.crosswinds.netlegslarry.crosswinds.netOpen ↗
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Editor - British Human Power Club Newsletter
bhpc.org.ukbhpc.org.ukOpen ↗
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