What bike do you have now?
The biggest factor from a performance perspective is ALWAYS the rider. When going up hill there's always more weight on the rider than there is on the bike. When you're hammering on the flat the rider is always the biggest aero obsticle. That's not to say that the bike isn't important but for the most part the bike is just a thing with wheels that allows you to put the saddle and bars where you need them to be.
Stick Fabian Cancellara on a $900 "on clearnance sale" 2009 Cannondale CAAD 8 and he'll still hammer along at 30mph. Stick the likes of you and I on a $10,000 bike with the best bits and he'll still ride away into the distance leaving us in his dust.
Instead of thinking of comparing the weights of bikes on their own, think of the bike rider combo and the small percentage difference a slightly lighter bike makes - because the last time I checked, the bike doesn't ride itself. If you're a former runner, the chances are you're pretty lean and don't have a bunch of weight to lose - unless you stopped running years ago and took to the pies and beers in the mean time...
The expensive, well engineered, bikes do ride very well and handle well too but often these are things that you perceive to be an advantage. Given that on a 7 to 8% hill, 1lb weight loss requires about 1 less watt of power, $5,000 on a bike that's about 5lb lighter will save you a whopping 5 watts. Given a halfway reasonable training schedule, most people could lose 5lbs and gain more than 5 watts in 12 weeks... but you could always argue that you could do the 12 weeks of training, spend the $5k on a bike and take a massive dump before the ride and come out a triple winner :P
If you shop around you can pick up a great bike for $3K or less:
racycles.comproduct.aspxOpen ↗
... just as an example. The RS was good enough for the Cervelo team in the Tour of Spain and Paris Roubaix. $2600 for a complete bike. If you have $4,000 - then you could add in a power meter and train better.
Consider something like a Cannondale CAAD10, equiped with Ultegra with a power meter.
I'd actually argue that a power meter is a better investment, in terms of performance, than a bike. If you use one to train and ride smarter you'll ultimately go faster... and you can use it to pace long rides better as well as aero testing to give you more speed for the same power - or the same speed for less power. Nifty huh?
If the power meter option doesn't do it for you - then something like a Cannondale SuperSix 3 Ultegra just might. The same SuperSix Hi-Mod frame that the Liquigas team used to ride (and Basso won the Giro on in 2010) with 10 speed Ultegra 6700 for around $3,500. I have the same frame but with Dura Ace kit and the frame is exactly how Ivan Basso describes it "It is incredible. It’s so light and stiff, but is comfortable as well, perfectly balanced"
... but a CAAD 10 Ultegra with better wheels (say HED Jet6) would be faster... but not as fast as ultimately training smarter/better.