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Cycling Equipment
Published
23 November 2007
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  1. Hi All,

    I'm sitting (lying actually) here recovering from an operation on my
    legs for extensive varicose veins, dreaming about what a powerful
    rider I will be come spring with my new improved circulatory system.

    So powerful that I am concerned about some wheels I built up a few
    months ago. OK, forget all the BS about extra power, but I think I may
    have made a mistake in how I laced the wheels.

    They are 28 hole using American Classic hubs and lightweight rims. I
    ordered all the parts before I had ever seen the hubs, so I didn't
    realize how little dish these hubs use due to a very narrow flange
    spacing. I laced the wheels 2x DS and radial NDS based on things I'd
    read about dished wheels. But since the wheels do not have much dish
    at all, I wonder if it would be better for me to relace the NDS 2x
    too.

    I tested these wheels quite harshly when I built them by sprinting up
    steep hills throwing the bike back and forth, etc. They didn't break,
    but they did feel like they flexed sometimes. I don't know if this was
    a sign of a problem with the lacing, or something unavoidable given
    the thrashing I gave them. Even my 3x 36h Velocity Aerohead OC wheels
    will flex if I stomp them enough.

    So is the radial NDS a problem given the narrow dish of the American
    Classic hubs?

    Joseph

  2. In article
    <[email hidden]>,

    Quoted post said:

    Hi All,

    I'm sitting (lying actually) here recovering from an operation on my
    legs for extensive varicose veins, dreaming about what a powerful
    rider I will be come spring with my new improved circulatory system.

    Sorry to hear about this and I hope you recover quickly.

    Quoted message said:

    So powerful that I am concerned about some wheels I built up a few
    months ago. OK, forget all the BS about extra power, but I think I
    may have made a mistake in how I laced the wheels.

    They are 28 hole using American Classic hubs and lightweight rims. I
    ordered all the parts before I had ever seen the hubs, so I didn't
    realize how little dish these hubs use due to a very narrow flange
    spacing. I laced the wheels 2x DS and radial NDS based on things I'd
    read about dished wheels. But since the wheels do not have much dish
    at all, I wonder if it would be better for me to relace the NDS 2x
    too.

    I tested these wheels quite harshly when I built them by sprinting up
    steep hills throwing the bike back and forth, etc. They didn't break,
    but they did feel like they flexed sometimes. I don't know if this
    was a sign of a problem with the lacing, or something unavoidable
    given the thrashing I gave them. Even my 3x 36h Velocity Aerohead OC
    wheels will flex if I stomp them enough.

    So is the radial NDS a problem given the narrow dish of the American
    Classic hubs?

    I don't know about that, but I had an American Classic front hub flange
    fail with radial spoking. Three spoke heads ripped out of the flange.
    With the radial being on the non-drive side, in your case, the spoke
    tension is likely to be lower- but still.

    AC uses really narrow flange spacing on their rear hubs, presumably in
    an attempt to raise the tension on the left side spokes. I think it
    reduces the bracing angle and makes the wheel more laterally flexible.
    Bike wheels see relatively little lateral force in normal riding,
    though. In any event, if they were my wheels I'd respoke them. I'm
    pretty conservative about this stuff and I'd respoke to 3x on both
    sides. But then I'm 210 pounds and as a result think conservatively
    about bike components in general, preferring to err on the side of
    caution.

  3. Tim McNamara said:

    In article
    <[email hidden]>,

    Quoted post said:

    Hi All,

    Quoted message said:

    I'm sitting (lying actually) here recovering from an operation on my
    legs for extensive varicose veins, dreaming about what a powerful
    rider I will be come spring with my new improved circulatory system.

    Sorry to hear about this and I hope you recover quickly.

    Thanks. I should have dealt with this years ago. It might even help my
    riding!

    Quoted message said:

    though. In any event, if they were my wheels I'd respoke them. I'm
    pretty conservative about this stuff and I'd respoke to 3x on both
    sides. But then I'm 210 pounds and as a result think conservatively
    about bike components in general, preferring to err on the side of
    caution.

    210? Lightweight! ;-)

    I probably will respoke 3x as you suggest. I'm not so worried about
    long term durability so much as taco-ing.

    Joseph

  4. email hidden said:

    So is the radial NDS a problem given the narrow dish of the American
    Classic hubs?

    Not at all... the best way to lace them is radial with heads in so
    that you get the best possible bracing angle. Another option is 1x
    heads in.

    BTW, I've had extensive vericose veins for 20 years. I don't know that
    it matters much, but I hope you have a good result from your surgery.

  5. Ron Ruff said:

    On Nov 23, 8:53 am, "[email hidden]"

    Quoted message said:

    So is the radial NDS a problem given the narrow dish of the American
    Classic hubs?

    Not at all... the best way to lace them is radial with heads in so
    that you get the best possible bracing angle. Another option is 1x
    heads in.

    BTW, I've had extensive vericose veins for 20 years. I don't know that
    it matters much, but I hope you have a good result from your surgery.


    I don't know why you would consider "radial with heads in" the best possible bracing angle. I would agree that that way give the largest bracing angle on that side, but I don't consider it the best because it would mean the lowest tension on the left side (Non-Drive Side) spokes in comparison to the drive side. That configuration means that the spoke tension differetial would make the drive side spokes carry most of the loads.
    I tend to agree with Tim in thinking 3x would be good on both side unless the flange diameter and rims involved makes the spokes overlap the spoke heads and/or you go past tangential. If 3x leads to either or both of the conditions I would switch to 2X of the Non-Drive Side. You likely could judge what might happen from examining how things look now on the Drive Side.

  6. On Nov 23, 9:30 pm, daveornee <daveornee.30j...@no-

    mx.forums.cyclingforums.com said:

    Ron Ruff Wrote:> On Nov 23, 8:53 am, "[email hidden]"

    Quoted message said:

    <[email hidden]> wrote:


    I don't know why you would consider "radial with heads in" the best
    possible bracing angle. I would agree that that way give the largest
    bracing angle on that side, but I don't consider it the best because it
    would mean the lowest tension on the left side (Non-Drive Side) spokes
    in comparison to the drive side. That configuration means that the
    spoke tension differetial would make the drive side spokes carry most of
    the loads.

    It's interesting you should mention this, because it's something I've
    been thinking about lately. It seems like every discussion on mixed
    lacing (DS vs NDS) refers to a lower cross count on the NDS. But, if
    the lateral tensions are balanced, you get higher tension on the NDS
    by about 2.5% per increment (36 holes) by increasing the cross count
    (assuming my calculations are correct). Is this not done because its
    not practical to lace DS 3x with a NDS 4x (because of crowding near
    the flange) or DS 2x with NDS 3x or 4x (because 2x isn't quite
    tangential enough when applying torque)?

    I've always had 3x on both sides and never had a problem, but I'm
    fairly light. The only wheel I ever tacoed was a front wheel with
    steel rims about 25 years ago while mounting the bike -- I'm guessing
    that was probably a poorly built wheel (I don't recall any issues with
    ride quality that would have pointed to the wheel going out of true
    before hand).

  7. Ron Ruff said:

    On Nov 23, 8:53 am, "[email hidden]"

    Quoted message said:

    So is the radial NDS a problem given the narrow dish of the American
    Classic hubs?

    Not at all... the best way to lace them is radial with heads in so
    that you get the best possible bracing angle. Another option is 1x
    heads in.

    They are heads in. So you think any deficiencies or flex from these
    wheels is not a result of using radial NDS, but more likely from their
    spindly components?

    Quoted message said:


    BTW, I've had extensive vericose veins for 20 years. I don't know that
    it matters much, but I hope you have a good result from your surgery.

    Mine made their appearance when I was 13, getting worse over the last
    25 years. Serious pitting edema and chronic sores when still in your
    30's is a bad thing! Some people have them for years with no serious
    complications, but I suppose these is a threshold someplace that needs
    to be crossed. They were nothing more than ugly for many years. My
    father has had them for way longer than I yet he has no problems. The
    surgeon estimated I had 400ml sloshing around in the one leg!

    Joseph

  8. On Nov 23, 8:30 pm, daveornee <daveornee.30j...@no-

    mx.forums.cyclingforums.com said:

    I don't know why you would consider "radial with heads in" the best
    possible bracing angle. I would agree that that way give the largest
    bracing angle on that side, but I don't consider it the best because it
    would mean the lowest tension on the left side (Non-Drive Side) spokes
    in comparison to the drive side. That configuration means that the
    spoke tension differetial would make the drive side spokes carry most of
    the loads.

    Spoke tension differentials are a fact of life with the hubs and
    frames we have these days... unless you do a triplet lacing and put
    only half as many spokes on the NDS. But for the moment lets assume
    that isn't an option. AC has decided that having tension reasonably
    balanced on both sides is a good thing, so their NDS flange is at
    ~30mm. DS spacing is usually ~19mm with any "S" hub (non Campy). A DA
    or White Industries hub is 36mm... and a Tune is 38mm. Why do they
    choose to have such unbalanced tension? Because the lateral stiffness
    goes up exponentially with the bracing angle. In fact the lateral
    stiffness of the wheel goes up faster than the tension drops as you
    move that flange over. The only issue with low tension on the NDS is
    that if it gets too extreme the radial loads will make these go
    slack... and that is a bad thing for sure. But having the flanges too
    close together makes the wheel flexible and prone to collapse... pick
    your poison. Basically I think that AC hubs are too narrow for an
    optimum balance... DT also, though theirs are a little wider. So I
    always lace these heads-in NDS. I usually lace WI hubs that way also,
    with no issues. The only hubs I don't lace heads in are the Tunes.

    Quoted message said:

    <[email hidden]> wrote:
    They are heads in. So you think any deficiencies or flex from these
    wheels is not a result of using radial NDS, but more likely from their
    spindly components?

    It's natural for a narrow spaced hub. At this point all you can do is
    use stiffer spokes.

    About the veins... this is supposed to be rare among men but I never
    see women with veins like that. Maybe they just hide them? Seems like
    I know a lot of bike riders that have them. I'll be interested to know
    if it helps you. I guess getting rid of that "dead" fluid couldn't
    hurt!

  9. Ron Ruff said:

    On Nov 23, 8:30 pm, daveornee <daveornee.30j...@no-

    mx.forums.cyclingforums.com said:

    I don't know why you would consider "radial with heads in" the best
    possible bracing angle. I would agree that that way give the largest
    bracing angle on that side, but I don't consider it the best because it
    would mean the lowest tension on the left side (Non-Drive Side) spokes
    in comparison to the drive side. That configuration means that the
    spoke tension differetial would make the drive side spokes carry most of
    the loads.

    Spoke tension differentials are a fact of life with the hubs and
    frames we have these days... unless you do a triplet lacing and put
    only half as many spokes on the NDS. But for the moment lets assume
    that isn't an option. AC has decided that having tension reasonably
    balanced on both sides is a good thing, so their NDS flange is at
    ~30mm. DS spacing is usually ~19mm with any "S" hub (non Campy). A DA
    or White Industries hub is 36mm... and a Tune is 38mm. Why do they
    choose to have such unbalanced tension? Because the lateral stiffness
    goes up exponentially with the bracing angle. In fact the lateral
    stiffness of the wheel goes up faster than the tension drops as you
    move that flange over. The only issue with low tension on the NDS is
    that if it gets too extreme the radial loads will make these go
    slack... and that is a bad thing for sure. But having the flanges too
    close together makes the wheel flexible and prone to collapse... pick
    your poison. Basically I think that AC hubs are too narrow for an
    optimum balance... DT also, though theirs are a little wider. So I
    always lace these heads-in NDS. I usually lace WI hubs that way also,
    with no issues. The only hubs I don't lace heads in are the Tunes.

    Quoted message said:

    <[email hidden]> wrote:
    They are heads in. So you think any deficiencies or flex from these
    wheels is not a result of using radial NDS, but more likely from their
    spindly components?

    It's natural for a narrow spaced hub. At this point all you can do is
    use stiffer spokes.

    About the veins... this is supposed to be rare among men but I never
    see women with veins like that. Maybe they just hide them? Seems like
    I know a lot of bike riders that have them. I'll be interested to know
    if it helps you. I guess getting rid of that "dead" fluid couldn't
    hurt!

    I think you are right that a lot of women hide them. I think also that
    a lot of women who have them have enough fat to make them not so
    visible. At the hospital getting ready, when I took off my support
    stocking so the surgeon could plan the operation, he said, "Wow. Look
    at that." and then he went off to get some other people to show them.
    In preparation for the operation, I'd done 4+ hours on my rollers to
    get the edema to abate. This made the definition of the veins quite
    pronounced. He said that helped the surgery.

    Losing all the excess blood and the fluid build up will make a
    difference for sure. I'm also curious to see what effects if any there
    are on lactate clearance rates with a functional circulation, instead
    of the recycling of old blood that was going on before.

    Joseph

  10. email hidden said:
    Ron Ruff said:

    On Nov 23, 8:53 am, "[email hidden]"

    Quoted message said:
    Quoted message said:

    So is the radial NDS a problem given the narrow dish of the American
    Classic hubs?

    Quoted message said:

    Not at all... the best way to lace them is radial with heads in so
    that you get the best possible bracing angle. Another option is 1x
    heads in.

    They are heads in. So you think any deficiencies or flex from these
    wheels is not a result of using radial NDS, but more likely from their
    spindly components?

    Quoted message said:

    BTW, I've had extensive vericose veins for 20 years. I don't know that
    it matters much, but I hope you have a good result from your surgery.

    Mine made their appearance when I was 13, getting worse over the last
    25 years. Serious pitting edema and chronic sores when still in your
    30's is a bad thing! Some people have them for years with no serious
    complications, but I suppose these is a threshold someplace that needs
    to be crossed. They were nothing more than ugly for many years. My
    father has had them for way longer than I yet he has no problems. The
    surgeon estimated I had 400ml sloshing around in the one leg!

    You didn't get conventional stripping, did you? I thought they were
    doing mostly foam and laser these days -- which has a real quick
    recovery period (like a day). In fact, activity is part of recovery.
    -- Jay Beattie.

  11. Jay Beattie said:

    On Nov 23, 11:29 pm, "[email hidden]"

    Quoted message said:

    On Nov 24, 3:36 am, Ron Ruff <[email hidden]> wrote:

    Quoted message said:
    Quoted message said:

    On Nov 23, 8:53 am, "[email hidden]"

    Quoted message said:
    Quoted message said:

    <[email hidden]> wrote:
    > So is the radial NDS a problem given the narrow dish of the American
    > Classic hubs?

    Quoted message said:
    Quoted message said:

    Not at all... the best way to lace them is radial with heads in so
    that you get the best possible bracing angle. Another option is 1x
    heads in.

    Quoted message said:

    They are heads in. So you think any deficiencies or flex from these
    wheels is not a result of using radial NDS, but more likely from their
    spindly components?

    Quoted message said:
    Quoted message said:

    BTW, I've had extensive vericose veins for 20 years. I don't know that
    it matters much, but I hope you have a good result from your surgery.

    Quoted message said:

    Mine made their appearance when I was 13, getting worse over the last
    25 years. Serious pitting edema and chronic sores when still in your
    30's is a bad thing! Some people have them for years with no serious
    complications, but I suppose these is a threshold someplace that needs
    to be crossed. They were nothing more than ugly for many years. My
    father has had them for way longer than I yet he has no problems. The
    surgeon estimated I had 400ml sloshing around in the one leg!

    You didn't get conventional stripping, did you? I thought they were
    doing mostly foam and laser these days -- which has a real quick
    recovery period (like a day). In fact, activity is part of recovery.
    -- Jay Beattie.

    I'm afraid to answer. If it gets out I was on a waiting list for 2
    years for a conventional stripping procedure this thread may turn into
    a flame war about the ills of socialized medicine...

    I had the procedure Wednsday, and I took a short (2km?) bike ride
    today. It felt good. More tomorrow!

    Joseph

  12. email hidden said:

    I'm afraid to answer. If it gets out I was on a waiting list for 2
    years for a conventional stripping procedure this thread may turn into
    a flame war about the ills of socialized medicine...

    Well... I'd never get it done because I can't afford to pay for it.
    Can't afford to get my teeth fixed either...

  13. Ron Ruff said:

    On Nov 24, 9:53 am, "[email hidden]"

    Quoted message said:

    I'm afraid to answer. If it gets out I was on a waiting list for 2
    years for a conventional stripping procedure this thread may turn into
    a flame war about the ills of socialized medicine...

    Well... I'd never get it done because I can't afford to pay for it.
    Can't afford to get my teeth fixed either...

    $2500 per leg in a Beverly Hills top notch place without insurance.
    I'd have done that if they hadn't kept stringing me along that I was
    getting near the top of the list, and if I hadn't already paid WAY
    more than that in taxes that fund this sort of thing.

    Joseph

  14. Ron Ruff said:
    Quoted message said:

    I'm afraid to answer. If it gets out I was on a waiting list for 2
    years for a conventional stripping procedure this thread may turn into
    a flame war about the ills of socialized medicine...

    Well... I'd never get it done because I can't afford to pay for it.
    Can't afford to get my teeth fixed either...

    I seem to remember that Joseph lives in Norway. Their system of
    "socialised medicine" must be similar to that in the UK, which is the
    only other country I know of where patients end up on such outrageous
    waiting lists (some of them come here to France to get quicker
    treatment).

    In France, although the insurance system ensures that no one is
    without cover, it is normally up to the patient to pay the medical
    practitioner/hospital. The patient is then reimbursed by the Social
    Security system, on presentation of receipts.

    That the medical profession is paid promptly and with a minimum of
    bureaucracy is probably one of the reasons why patients get treated
    without delay. I understand that the process is similar in Germany
    and Italy.

  15. email hidden said:

    $2500 per leg in a Beverly Hills top notch place without insurance.
    I'd have done that if they hadn't kept stringing me along that I was
    getting near the top of the list, and if I hadn't already paid WAY
    more than that in taxes that fund this sort of thing.

    Getting both legs done would have cost only a little less than my avg
    yearly income for the last 16 years. I paid for catastrophic insurance
    ($10,000 deductable) for 14 years, but when the premiums went over
    $2,000 per year, I quit. Never collected a cent on it either. BTW,
    I've paid at least a couple hundred thousand in taxes from back in the
    day when I made more money and taxes were higher.

    There are plenty of debating points, but I'm sure that the US medical
    system is broken.

  16. Ron Ruff said:
    email hidden said:

    $2500 per leg in a Beverly Hills top notch place without insurance.
    I'd have done that if they hadn't kept stringing me along that I was
    getting near the top of the list, and if I hadn't already paid WAY
    more than that in taxes that fund this sort of thing.

    Getting both legs done would have cost only a little less than my avg
    yearly income for the last 16 years. I paid for catastrophic insurance
    ($10,000 deductable) for 14 years, but when the premiums went over
    $2,000 per year, I quit. Never collected a cent on it either. BTW,
    I've paid at least a couple hundred thousand in taxes from back in the
    day when I made more money and taxes were higher.

    There are plenty of debating points, but I'm sure that the US medical
    system is broken.

    I believe the medical system in the U$A is functioning exactly as
    intended. After all, profits are high.

    --
    Tom Sherman - Holstein-Friesland Bovinia
    "Localized intense suction such as tornadoes is created when temperature
    differences are high enough between meeting air masses, and can impart
    excessive energy onto a cyclist." - Randy Schlitter

  17. Ron Ruff said:

    On Nov 24, 11:25 am, "[email hidden]"

    Quoted message said:

    $2500 per leg in a Beverly Hills top notch place without insurance.
    I'd have done that if they hadn't kept stringing me along that I was
    getting near the top of the list, and if I hadn't already paid WAY
    more than that in taxes that fund this sort of thing.

    Getting both legs done would have cost only a little less than my avg
    yearly income for the last 16 years. I paid for catastrophic insurance
    ($10,000 deductable) for 14 years, but when the premiums went over
    $2,000 per year, I quit. Never collected a cent on it either. BTW,
    I've paid at least a couple hundred thousand in taxes from back in the
    day when I made more money and taxes were higher.

    There are plenty of debating points, but I'm sure that the US medical
    system is broken.

    Indeed there are debating points, and surely something should be done.
    But it would be wise for folks to be wary of Scandinavian or UK style
    universal care systems.

    Joseph

  18. email hidden said:

    Indeed there are debating points, and surely something should be done.
    But it would be wise for folks to be wary of Scandinavian or UK style
    universal care systems.

    Don't know that I wish for that sort of thing... but it is probably
    the least evil of the alternatives. It makes sense that they would
    make you wait for something that isn't life threatening... since it is
    free and all, they need some deterant... yes? In the US if you have
    "good" insurance (which increasingly few people do) then you can get
    in whenever you want to and have all the most expensive procedures
    performed... whether you need to or not. And all sorts of drugs that
    may or may not do more harm than good. And of course I am paying for
    those people's "great" coverage even if I don't have any at all... we
    all do.. via taxes and the higher prices that companies who provide
    such insurance must charge for their products and services. Wasteful
    spending on things we don't need drags down wealth of the entire
    society... and I won't go into the incredible waste of spending a
    trillion dollars on a war for no good reason.

    This is an old study (~1998) but some good info... and things have
    surely only gotten worse since then.
    http://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf

    Compared to 13 other high income countries, the US was by far the most
    expensive and more than double the median. As a percentage of GDP, the
    US was 13.6% compared to the median of 8.2%. A satisfaction rating
    wasn't given for Norway, but in Denmark it is 91%, Finland 81%,
    Sweden 58%, the UK 57%... and the US 40%. The US gets a very low
    "health and well being" score as well.

    If I had a choice, I'd vote to emulate Denmark and Finland. Either
    that or disband the AMA completely, and allow unregulated medicine.

  19. Ron Ruff said:

    On Nov 25, 2:06 am, "[email hidden]"

    Quoted message said:

    Indeed there are debating points, and surely something should be done.
    But it would be wise for folks to be wary of Scandinavian or UK style
    universal care systems.

    Don't know that I wish for that sort of thing... but it is probably
    the least evil of the alternatives. It makes sense that they would
    make you wait for something that isn't life threatening... since it is
    free and all, they need some deterant... yes? In the US if you have
    "good" insurance (which increasingly few people do) then you can get
    in whenever you want to and have all the most expensive procedures
    performed... whether you need to or not. And all sorts of drugs that
    may or may not do more harm than good. And of course I am paying for
    those people's "great" coverage even if I don't have any at all... we
    all do.. via taxes and the higher prices that companies who provide
    such insurance must charge for their products and services. Wasteful
    spending on things we don't need drags down wealth of the entire
    society... and I won't go into the incredible waste of spending a
    trillion dollars on a war for no good reason.

    This is an old study (~1998) but some good info... and things have
    surely only gotten worse since then.http://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf

    Compared to 13 other high income countries, the US was by far the most
    expensive and more than double the median. As a percentage of GDP, the
    US was 13.6% compared to the median of 8.2%. A satisfaction rating
    wasn't given for Norway, but in Denmark it is 91%, Finland 81%,
    Sweden 58%, the UK 57%... and the US 40%. The US gets a very low
    "health and well being" score as well.

    If I had a choice, I'd vote to emulate Denmark and Finland. Either
    that or disband the AMA completely, and allow unregulated medicine.

    Certainly having folks run to the doctor every 5 minutes is a problem,
    and unfortunate that folks who don't go often end up subsidizing them.
    But that's no justification for waiting lists. I did have a $300 co-
    pay for my procedure here, and while in the US folks may wonder what
    they get for their taxes, at least nobody is claiming they get health
    care for it. Here people pay taxes for this care, and it is lousy.
    That's frustrating.

    I've had experiences in California and here in Norway with health
    care, and I think the American emphasis on technology skews the costs
    somewhat. And perhaps a higher percentage of unnecessary procedures
    "to be on the safe side". So direct per-capita expenditure comparisons
    are somewhat apples and oranges. Using my experience last year with
    appendicitis as an example, the hospital chose to have me wait through
    the night because they didn't want to call in a doc on OT, and there
    was a chance it would pass. It burst during the night and my
    subsequent surgery and recovery were much more involved. A US hospital
    would have cut me open right away rather than risk having my appedix
    burst on their dime. I'm sure some number of uneccecary prodeures are
    performed as a safeguard which of course is expensive. Also later I
    had a stomach drain which was just a tube with a bag and gravity did
    the trick. In the US I would have been hooked up to a (expensive, or
    more so than a rubber tube!) machine to do more or less the same
    thing. This machine raises the costs, and I suppose provides
    marginally improved service. But I suppose that's just it, where are
    the marginal returns, and who should decide what is worth it or not.

    Without having spent too much time thinking about it, I think I'd like
    to see some sort of government coordinated basic insurance with
    payouts that perhaps are just low or no interest loans, and tax
    credits for private insurance for those who want (and can afford) more
    and opt out of the basic plan. So people don't fall through the
    cracks, but at the same time the level of available service isn't
    compromised.

    Joseph

  20. Ron Ruff said:

    This is an old study (~1998) but some good info... and things have
    surely only gotten worse since then.http://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf

    Quite a lot worse. http://www.nchc.org/facts/cost.shtml

    "In 2005 (the latest year data are available), total spending was $2
    TRILLION in 2005, or $6,700 per person. Total health care spending
    represented 16 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP)."
    "Health care spending accounted for 10.9 percent of the GDP in
    Switzerland, 10.7 percent in Germany, 9.7 percent in Canada and 9.5
    percent in France"
    "47 million Americans are uninsured"
    "Since 2000, employment-based health insurance premiums have increased
    87 percent "
    "Retiring elderly couples will need $200,000 in savings just to pay
    for the most basic medical coverage"

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