Road Cycling · Public discussion

Reports from Sweden

Garry Jones · 2003-10-09T20:50:59+00:00

Hi Guys. I'm back again, this time with more info from Sweden. (Elders of this group may remember myself presenting some of the earlier Swedish claims in 1997). We have a current discussion ongoing in the newsgroup swnet.sport.cykel I have been pointed to some new Swedish reports. These are fresh out of Sweden. The mandatory helmet law argument is up again and this time people in high places are listening to these campaigners. A mandatory helmet law may well be passed in Sweden within two years. If it is then the decision is likely to be based on this report from "VTI", aka "The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute" ___________________________________________________________ Report 1. At 95 PDF pages and one appendix, this is most prolific I have ever seen. This is it's English summary... **************************************************** Effects of measures for increased bicycle helmet use Review of research **************************************************** The aim of this review study is to compile and analyse the state of knowledge regarding the effects of measures, both legislative and noncompulsory, taken to increase the use of cycle helmets. The results are based mainly on studies from 1990-2002 found in literature databases. The overall conclusion is that a considerable increase in helmet use by cyclists could be achieved by noncompulsory measures, but the use levels are not as high as those achieved by legislation. Most of the positive effects of noncompulsory measures are due to multistrategy programmes at municipal and regional level, where the programmes mostly comprise informative and educational activities in combination with discounts on helmets or reward systems. There is, however, great variation in the level of helmet use that has been achieved; the observed helmet use which most of the measures achive seldom exceeds 50 per cent for children and young people or circa 25–30 per cent for adult cyclists. However, cycle helmet laws in combination with informative and educational activities lead to significantly higher helmet use compared to noncompulsory measures alone. Helmet use often reaches 80–90 per cent on average. Several studies show that helmet laws reduce head injuries among bicyclists. In Australia, for instance, the number of fatalities among cyclists decreased by 45 per cent in average two years after their helmet laws compared to two years before. The effect of cycle helmet laws on cycling is much debated, but results from studies are not unambiguous. Several studies, however, indicate that a cycle helmet law may result in a reduction in cycling by young people and in certain, but temporary, reduction in cycling by younger children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is probably no influenced. _________________________________________ VTI rapport 487 Effects of measures for increased bicycle helmet use. Review of research by Sixten Nolén, VTI, and Kent Lindqvist, University of Linköping Sponsor: Swedish National Road Administration Published: 2003 Link Source http://www.vti.se/info/rapporter/edetalj.asp?RecID=2716 _________________________________________________________ Report Two ********************************************************* Experiences from a "bicycle helmet law" in Motala, Sweden Same authors as above ********************************************************* A political (not legal) bicycle helmet resolution in Motala attracted great interest by the mass media, especially in the first six months after the law was introduced. The name "helmet law" presumably played an important part in this context. A local “bicycle helmet law” must be firmly rooted among the relevant target groups. It is important to have committed individuals who can initiate and promote the work, but the work must not become dependent on any one single person. The way all issues concerning bicycle helmets are handled in the municipality should be co-ordinated with the “bicycle helmet law”. Continuous political engagement is needed. A plan should be drawn up for political follow-up of the "bicycle helmet law". If the intention of a local "bicycle helmet law" is to increase the use of bicycle helmets among all cyclists in the municipality, then work must right from the beginning be addressed to adult cyclists also. In order to increase bicycle helmet use in Sweden on a voluntary basis, more knowledge is needed of how such an increase can be achieved. One way of acquiring such knowledge is to evaluate different types of local initiative and, hopefully, in this way disseminate good experiences to the rest of the country. Such a local bicycle helmet initiative was taken in Motala Municipality. Motala was designated a WHO Safe Community in 1990. Work within a Safe Community has the aim of preventing injuries in a number of different areas, for instance among vulnerable road users. As part of this work, Motala introduced a "local bicycle helmet law" on May 1, 1996. However, the Motala "bicycle helmet law" is not a law in the legal sense, since Swedish municipalities cannot enact their own laws. It is a political recommendation that must be supplemented with other measures; however, the political resolution forms a basis to which information and educational measures for increased bicycle helmet use can be added. But the Motala "helmet law" should have greater impact than an ordinary helmet campaign, since it is based on a municipal political resolution which makes it possible to use political instruments and to exert different kinds of pressure in the work. Formally, the "helmet law" applies only to younger school children (ages 6–12) in Motala when they bicycle to and from school and during their leisure hours. The primary objective is that helmet use should increase among children up to 12 years of age, their parents and teachers. The ultimate objective, however, is that the activities, which occur within the framework of the "helmet law", will influence all cyclists in Motala and will thus in the longterm result in a general increase in the use of helmets. Evaluation of the local "bicycle helmet law" in Motala consists of a qualitative and quantitative part. The quantitative part relates to e.g. the effects of the "law" on the use of helmets by cyclists, but this is presented not in this report but in other documents. This study describes the qualitative part of the evaluation that has the form of a retrospective process study of the Motala "helmet law". The overriding objective is to describe how work on the "law" was carried out and to present the experiences of the persons involved. Two sub studies were performed in which both data collection and analysis are based on qualitative methodology. Sub study 1 is an "Analysis of Activities and people involved" based on mainly written material. Sub study 2 is an "Interview Study" based on eight in-depth interviews with people who had had the greatest involvement with the Motala "helmet law". The results are briefly described below. Sub study 1 – Analysis of activities and people involved The initiative for the Motala local "bicycle helmet law" and its political endorsement was mainly taken by one person, who in 1995 was municipal commissioner and chairman of Motala Safe Community. The basic idea for the "helmet law" evolved through the external contacts this commissioner established through the Safe Community. The political resolution to implement the "law" did not meet any major resistance, even though four politicians made reservations in connection with the name "local bicycle helmet law". Issues to do with traffic safety and the use of bicycle helmets were dealt with during the study period by different units/functions in the Motala organisation. The main work on the "bicycle helmet law" was performed by a separate "reference group". Other organisational units took no major part in dealing with issues concerning the "helmet law", apart from Motala Safe Community where there were discussions of the "helmet law" concerning working procedures, planned measures and the problems encountered. There were relatively few political decisions or activities concerning the "helmet law" once the legal resolution had been passed. One exception was a decision in the autumn of 1996 in which schools were asked to describe what measures they had taken in connection with the "helmet law". It is surprising that the "law" was not dealt with more continuously by the political institutions since work on the "law" had not been without problems. The "law" was e.g. not firmly rooted in schools, and certain activities/measures could not be implemented as had been intended, for instance the “bicycle helmet contract” between the pupil-parent-school. One example of shortcomings was that school staff did not take a more active part in planning or discussing the measures or the problems met with in the work on the helmet law. This is surprising since, in formal terms, the “helmet law” directly affects school staffs. For instance, there was no school representative in the reference group. Many people (134) were more or less involved in the work on the Motala "bicycle helmet law". More than half of all people involved were municipal politicians from Motala, but almost one third were external people who did not have Motala Municipality as their employer. Most of the people involved had participated either in political decisions regarding the "helmet law" or had a consultative or supportive function. 5–6 people performed the continuous operational work on planning and implementing activities in connection with the “helmet law”. The operational work was mainly carried out with reference to an action plan that was divided into six phases (political preparation, planning phase, motivational phase, working phase, introductory phase and supportive phase). Within the framework of the action plan, six types of activities were carried out (basic planning, political activities, information concerning the "helmet law" and activities to increase helmet use among children/schoolchildren, adults and the public at large). There were also some basic activities outside the action plan, i.e. those that occurred prior to the helmet law resolution. Examples are subsidies for bicycle helmets for all 5-year-old children in the municipality, information concerning helmets on visits to schools/nursery schools and in meetings with retired people. However, for different reasons, all the activities that had been planned were not carried out. Especially during the spring and autumn of 1996 there were many planned activities that were not carried out, which may be partly due to the loss of key persons from the reference group and the political turbulence that followed the "Motala scandal". During the first six months after its introduction, the "bicycle helmet law" attracted relatively great attention in the mass media, primarily in the local press. Reporting was "favourable" in that it was descriptive and informative instead of critical and questioning. The Motala “helmet law” had also received attention outside the municipality, for instance via national and international conferences and information on the Internet. Sub study 2 – Interviews with people involved The interviews that were carried out provided many points of view and sometimes also contrary opinions concerning the same issues. Most were however positive to the basic idea of the Motala local “helmet law”, and considered that the aims and target groups were correct. Most also think that the law increased helmet use, in any case for certain categories of cyclists. Many considered that certain bicycle helmet measures had not been taken or that more work ought to have been done on the measures that had been implemented. Most people are however positive about the idea of the "bicycle helmet contract", but do not think that it worked as well as planned, one of the reasons being that it was not firmly rooted in the schools. In most cases, the persons interviewed were pleased about the communication between the people most involved in the work. They are also positive about the extensive mass media reporting of the Motala helmet law, and many believe that the law resulted in increased involvement in the municipality in issues regarding traffic safety and bicycle helmets. Many had however experienced difficulties in the work. Three main problems were mentioned, poor endorsement of the "helmet law" (mainly in the schools), lack of clarity regarding responsibilities and roles in relation to certain issues, and the fact that certain key persons left the municipality during the work. The majority of those interviewed have a positive attitude towards the political resolution concerning a local "helmet law" and also accept the name "helmet law". Most would however prefer to see a reverse process in which the endorsement of people involved was first obtained and the political decision taken afterwards. Conclusions The following conclusions are drawn from this process study: It is important to have committed individuals who can initiate and promote the work, but if the work depend too much on any single person, the "project" becomes vulnerable. It is essential that somebody quickly take over if a key person leaves. A local bicycle helmet law must be firmly rooted among the relevant target groups. These target groups should also be represented in a reference group. Responsibilities and roles in the work must be clear. A project leader should be formally appointed. Handling of bicycle helmet issues within the whole municipality should be co-ordinated with the work on the helmet law. Continuous political engagement in the work is essential. A plan should be drawn up for political follow-up of the “helmet law”, so that action can be quickly taken if problems arise. If the intention of a local "bicycle helmet law" is to increase the use of bicycle helmets among all cyclists in the municipality, then work must right from the beginning be addressed to adult cyclists also. It would appear that the political helmet law resolution as such was important in influencing the use of bicycle helmets. It gave rise to great interest by the mass media, especially during the first six months after the introduction of the law. The name "helmet law" presumably plays a great part in this context. In conclusion, it is positive that the idea of a "local bicycle helmet law" could be tested under actual conditions. The experiences gained from observation studies of the use of helmets in Motala do not suggest that the Motala "helmet law" is a substitute for a national bicycle helmet law (Nolén 1998c; Nolén 1999c). This process study demonstrates, however, that the idea of a local bicycle “helmet law” should have good potential to give a more durable effect on helmet use in a municipality, provided that certain problems that had arisen can be avoided and certain activities intensified. Previous research also shows that local injury prevention program’s should have a long-term aim (preferably ten years or longer) to be effective. This presumably also applies to the implementation of a "local bicycle _______________ VTI rapport 459 Local ”bicycle helmet law” in Motala. A process study by Sixten Nolén (VTI) and Kent Lindqvist (linköping University) Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), SE-581 95 Linköping, Sweden ___________________________________________________ Another report, this time, just one of the above authors was involved, again English summary.. ******************************************* What do cyclists think about using helmets? ******************************************* VTI rapport 429 The aim of this literature study was to provide a summary and an analysis of attitudes and beliefs to cycle helmet wearing among children/adolescents and adults in Sweden and other countries. The literature surveyed is limited to studies reporting results in Swedish, Norwegian, Danish or English. The results of the study show that there are certain differences in cyclists’ reasons for not using helmets, partly between children/adolescents and adults and partly between Nordic and non-Nordic cyclists. However, most studies indicate greater similarities than differences. Often, several of the following arguments are stated. Arguments for helmet usage: increased safety, a role model for other cyclists, obligation, and ”positive group pressure”. Arguments against helmet usage: comfort problems, problems with appearance, practical problems, social factors, risk factors, and other factors such disturbed sense of freedom, etc. One conclusion from the literature study is that we know fairly well what reasons are given for and against helmet usage but there is a lack of studies with a more theoretical analysis of the relationship between different arguments, e.g. whether certain arguments are more important than others. If we can learn more about this aspect, it should be possible to make helmet promotion more effective. Summary of VTI rapport 429 What do cyclists think about using helmets? – A literature survey by Sixten Nolén Language: Swedish with English summary Sponsor: Swedish National Road Administration Link: http://www.vti.se/info/rapporter/edetalj.asp?RecID=649 __________________________________________________________ Well as you will see they have certainly been busy over here. I remember the claims about the 45% fatality drop in Australia have been counter claimed. Any facts on that one? A glance through the 95 pages will show you many of the graphs have been taken from other reports with disputed conclusions based on statistics that have been argued. Our discussions on the Internet are mentioned as are many of the arguments against a mandatory helmet law. (Page 84). But they do not delve into the depths of these arguments and they are - in my mind - dismissed far too easily in a 95 page report. They mention intenet helmet wars and give links to the helmet action group and so on. I find much of the report to be biased in favour of a helmet law at first reading tonight. I will read it again tomorrow. The words in my head at the moment are their classic lines "a cycle helmet law may result in a reduction in cycling by young people and in certain, but temporary, reduction in cycling by younger children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is probably no influenced." - But don't young people become adults? Will they then suddenly start cycling? Will they own bicycles? Will they pick up the skills required for safe riding that are usually naturally learnt in ones youth? Anyone who wishes to contact the authors of the report(s) can try the following. Authors Sixten Nolén, VTI [email hidden] Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute http://www.vti.se/edefault.asp Kent Lindqvist Linkopings Universty. [email hidden] If you have time glance at the diagrams and charts in the 95 page PDF file http://www.vti.se/info/rapporter/edetalj.asp?RecID=2716 ... and see if you recognise any. Any comments about the English summaries above? Garry Jones English cyclist, ResIDING in Sweden

Started by Garry Jones · 9 October 2003 · Last activity 14 October 2003 · 17 posts · 5,834 views

← Back to Road Cycling

This thread is locked and is currently read-only.

Thread navigation

Jump through the discussion

Go to the original post, the replies on this page, or the latest preserved contribution.

01 / Original postReports from SwedenGarry Jones · 9 Oct 2003 02 / This pagePosts 1–17Page 1 of 1 · chronological order 03 / Latest replyPost #17Garry Jones · 14 Oct 2003

Thread details

What we know about this thread

Original section: Road Cycling
Published: 9 October 2003
Last activity: 14 October 2003
Original author: Garry Jones
Posts: 17
Discussion status: Public discussion
Total views: 5,834
Views / 30 days: 0
Topics: Concussion and head injury Helmets Race-day nutrition Returning after a long break

The navigation and discussion metadata provide context. Posts remain in their original chronological order.

Original post
Garry Jones
Archived post

9 October 2003, 20:50 UTC #1

Hi Guys.
I'm back again, this time with more info from Sweden. (Elders of this group may remember myself
presenting some of the earlier Swedish claims in 1997).
We have a current discussion ongoing in the newsgroup swnet.sport.cykel
I have been pointed to some new Swedish reports. These are fresh out of Sweden. The mandatory helmet
law argument is up again and this time people in high places are listening to these campaigners. A
mandatory helmet law may well be passed in Sweden within two years. If it is then the decision is
likely to be based on this report from "VTI", aka "The Swedish National Road and Transport Research
Institute"
___________________________________________________________
Report 1.
At 95 PDF pages and one appendix, this is most prolific I have ever seen.
This is it's English summary...
****************************************************
Effects of measures for increased bicycle helmet use Review of research
****************************************************
The aim of this review study is to compile and analyse the state of knowledge regarding the effects
of measures, both legislative and noncompulsory, taken to increase the use of cycle helmets. The
results are based mainly on studies from 1990-2002 found in literature databases.
The overall conclusion is that a considerable increase in helmet use by cyclists could be achieved
by noncompulsory measures, but the use levels are not as high as those achieved by legislation. Most
of the positive effects of noncompulsory measures are due to multistrategy programmes at municipal
and regional level, where the programmes mostly comprise informative and educational activities in
combination with discounts on helmets or reward systems.
There is, however, great variation in the level of helmet use that has been achieved; the observed
helmet use which most of the measures achive seldom exceeds 50 per cent for children and young
people or circa 25–30 per cent for adult cyclists. However, cycle helmet laws in combination with
informative and educational activities lead to significantly higher helmet use compared to
noncompulsory measures alone. Helmet use often reaches 80–90 per cent on average.
Several studies show that helmet laws reduce head injuries among bicyclists. In Australia, for
instance, the number of fatalities among cyclists decreased by 45 per cent in average two years
after their helmet laws compared to two years before.
The effect of cycle helmet laws on cycling is much debated, but results from studies are not
unambiguous. Several studies, however, indicate that a cycle helmet law may result in a reduction in
cycling by young people and in certain, but temporary, reduction in cycling by younger children. On
the other hand, cycling by adults is probably no influenced.
_________________________________________
VTI rapport 487
Effects of measures for increased bicycle helmet use. Review of research by Sixten Nolén, VTI, and
Kent Lindqvist, University of Linköping
Sponsor: Swedish National Road Administration
Published: 2003
Link Source vti.seedetalj.asp
_________________________________________________________
Report Two
*********************************************************
Experiences from a "bicycle helmet law" in Motala, Sweden Same authors as above
*********************************************************
A political (not legal) bicycle helmet resolution in Motala attracted great interest by the mass
media, especially in the first six months after the law was introduced. The name "helmet law"
presumably played an important part in this context.
A local “bicycle helmet law” must be firmly rooted among the relevant target groups. It is important
to have committed individuals who can initiate and promote the work, but the work must not become
dependent on any one single person. The way all issues concerning bicycle helmets are handled in the
municipality should be co-ordinated with the “bicycle helmet law”. Continuous political engagement
is needed. A plan should be drawn up for political follow-up of the "bicycle helmet law".
If the intention of a local "bicycle helmet law" is to increase the use of bicycle helmets among
all cyclists in the municipality, then work must right from the beginning be addressed to adult
cyclists also.
In order to increase bicycle helmet use in Sweden on a voluntary basis, more knowledge is needed of
how such an increase can be achieved. One way of acquiring such knowledge is to evaluate different
types of local initiative and, hopefully, in this way disseminate good experiences to the rest of
the country. Such a local bicycle helmet initiative was taken in Motala Municipality. Motala was
designated a WHO Safe Community in 1990. Work within a Safe Community has the aim of preventing
injuries in a number of different areas, for instance among vulnerable road users. As part of this
work, Motala introduced a "local bicycle helmet law" on May 1, 1996.
However, the Motala "bicycle helmet law" is not a law in the legal sense, since Swedish
municipalities cannot enact their own laws. It is a political recommendation that must be
supplemented with other measures; however, the political resolution forms a basis to which
information and educational measures for increased bicycle helmet use can be added. But the Motala
"helmet law" should have greater impact than an ordinary helmet campaign, since it is based on a
municipal political resolution which makes it possible to use political instruments and to exert
different kinds of pressure in the work.
Formally, the "helmet law" applies only to younger school children (ages 6–12) in Motala when they
bicycle to and from school and during their leisure hours. The primary objective is that helmet use
should increase among children up to 12 years of age, their parents and teachers. The ultimate
objective, however, is that the activities, which occur within the framework of the "helmet law",
will influence all cyclists in Motala and will thus in the longterm result in a general increase in
the use of helmets.
Evaluation of the local "bicycle helmet law" in Motala consists of a qualitative and quantitative
part. The quantitative part relates to e.g. the effects of the "law" on the use of helmets by
cyclists, but this is presented not in this report but in other documents. This study describes the
qualitative part of the evaluation that has the form of a retrospective process study of the Motala
"helmet law". The overriding objective is to describe how work on the "law" was carried out and to
present the experiences of the persons involved. Two sub studies were performed in which both data
collection and analysis are based on qualitative methodology. Sub study 1 is an "Analysis of
Activities and people involved" based on mainly written material. Sub study 2 is an "Interview
Study" based on eight in-depth interviews with people who had had the greatest involvement with the
Motala "helmet law".
The results are briefly described below.
Sub study 1 – Analysis of activities and people involved The initiative for the Motala local
"bicycle helmet law" and its political endorsement was mainly taken by one person, who in 1995 was
municipal commissioner and chairman of Motala Safe Community. The basic idea for the "helmet law"
evolved through the external contacts this commissioner established through the Safe Community. The
political resolution to implement the "law" did not meet any major resistance, even though four
politicians made reservations in connection with the name "local bicycle helmet law".
Issues to do with traffic safety and the use of bicycle helmets were dealt with during the study
period by different units/functions in the Motala organisation. The main work on the "bicycle helmet
law" was performed by a separate "reference group". Other organisational units took no major part in
dealing with issues concerning the "helmet law", apart from Motala Safe Community where there were
discussions of the "helmet law" concerning working procedures, planned measures and the problems
encountered. There were relatively few political decisions or activities concerning the "helmet law"
once the legal resolution had been passed. One exception was a decision in the autumn of 1996 in
which schools were asked to describe what measures they had taken in connection with the "helmet
law". It is surprising that the "law" was not dealt with more continuously by the political
institutions since work on the "law" had not been without problems. The "law" was e.g. not firmly
rooted in schools, and certain activities/measures could not be implemented as had been intended,
for instance the “bicycle helmet contract” between the pupil-parent-school. One example of
shortcomings was that school staff did not take a more active part in planning or discussing the
measures or the problems met with in the work on the helmet law. This is surprising since, in formal
terms, the “helmet law” directly affects school staffs. For instance, there was no school
representative in the reference group.
Many people (134) were more or less involved in the work on the Motala "bicycle helmet law". More
than half of all people involved were municipal politicians from Motala, but almost one third were
external people who did not have Motala Municipality as their employer. Most of the people involved
had participated either in political decisions regarding the "helmet law" or had a consultative or
supportive function. 5–6 people performed the continuous operational work on planning and
implementing activities in connection with the “helmet law”. The operational work was mainly carried
out with reference to an action plan that was divided into six phases (political preparation,
planning phase, motivational phase, working phase, introductory phase and supportive phase). Within
the framework of the action plan, six types of activities were carried out (basic planning,
political activities, information concerning the "helmet law" and activities to increase helmet use
among children/schoolchildren, adults and the public at large). There were also some basic
activities outside the action plan, i.e. those that occurred prior to the helmet law resolution.
Examples are subsidies for bicycle helmets for all 5-year-old children in the municipality,
information concerning helmets on visits to schools/nursery schools and in meetings with retired
people. However, for different reasons, all the activities that had been planned were not carried
out. Especially during the spring and autumn of 1996 there were many planned activities that were
not carried out, which may be partly due to the loss of key persons from the reference group and the
political turbulence that followed the "Motala scandal".
During the first six months after its introduction, the "bicycle helmet law" attracted relatively
great attention in the mass media, primarily in the local press. Reporting was "favourable" in that
it was descriptive and informative instead of critical and questioning. The Motala “helmet law” had
also received attention outside the municipality, for instance via national and international
conferences and information on the Internet.
Sub study 2 – Interviews with people involved The interviews that were carried out provided many
points of view and sometimes also contrary opinions concerning the same issues. Most were however
positive to the basic idea of the Motala local “helmet law”, and considered that the aims and target
groups were correct. Most also think that the law increased helmet use, in any case for certain
categories of cyclists. Many considered that certain bicycle helmet measures had not been taken or
that more work ought to have been done on the measures that had been implemented. Most people are
however positive about the idea of the "bicycle helmet contract", but do not think that it worked as
well as planned, one of the reasons being that it was not firmly rooted in the schools.
In most cases, the persons interviewed were pleased about the communication between the people most
involved in the work. They are also positive about the extensive mass media reporting of the Motala
helmet law, and many believe that the law resulted in increased involvement in the municipality in
issues regarding traffic safety and bicycle helmets. Many had however experienced difficulties in
the work. Three main problems were mentioned, poor endorsement of the "helmet law" (mainly in the
schools), lack of clarity regarding responsibilities and roles in relation to certain issues, and
the fact that certain key persons left the municipality during the work. The majority of those
interviewed have a positive attitude towards the political resolution concerning a local "helmet
law" and also accept the name "helmet law". Most would however prefer to see a reverse process in
which the endorsement of people involved was first obtained and the political decision taken
afterwards.
Conclusions The following conclusions are drawn from this process study:
It is important to have committed individuals who can initiate and promote the work, but if the work
depend too much on any single person, the "project" becomes vulnerable. It is essential that
somebody quickly take over if a key person leaves.
A local bicycle helmet law must be firmly rooted among the relevant target groups. These target
groups should also be represented in a reference group.
Responsibilities and roles in the work must be clear. A project leader should be formally appointed.
Handling of bicycle helmet issues within the whole municipality should be co-ordinated with the work
on the helmet law.
Continuous political engagement in the work is essential. A plan should be drawn up for political
follow-up of the “helmet law”, so that action can be quickly taken if problems arise.
If the intention of a local "bicycle helmet law" is to increase the use of bicycle helmets among
all cyclists in the municipality, then work must right from the beginning be addressed to adult
cyclists also.
It would appear that the political helmet law resolution as such was important in influencing the
use of bicycle helmets. It gave rise to great interest by the mass media, especially during the
first six months after the introduction of the law. The name "helmet law" presumably plays a great
part in this context.
In conclusion, it is positive that the idea of a "local bicycle helmet law" could be tested under
actual conditions. The experiences gained from observation studies of the use of helmets in Motala
do not suggest that the Motala "helmet law" is a substitute for a national bicycle helmet law (Nolén
1998c; Nolén 1999c). This process study demonstrates, however, that the idea of a local bicycle
“helmet law” should have good potential to give a more durable effect on helmet use in a
municipality, provided that certain problems that had arisen can be avoided and certain activities
intensified. Previous research also shows that local injury prevention program’s should have a
long-term aim (preferably ten years or longer) to be effective. This presumably also applies to the
implementation of a "local bicycle
_______________
VTI rapport 459 Local ”bicycle helmet law” in Motala. A process study by Sixten Nolén (VTI) and Kent
Lindqvist (linköping University) Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI),
SE-581 95 Linköping, Sweden
___________________________________________________
Another report, this time, just one of the above authors was involved, again English summary..
*******************************************
What do cyclists think about using helmets?
*******************************************
VTI rapport 429
The aim of this literature study was to provide a summary and an analysis of attitudes and
beliefs to cycle helmet wearing among children/adolescents and adults in Sweden and other
countries. The literature surveyed is limited to studies reporting results in Swedish, Norwegian,
Danish or English.
The results of the study show that there are certain differences in cyclists’ reasons for not using
helmets, partly between children/adolescents and adults and partly between Nordic and non-Nordic
cyclists. However, most studies indicate greater similarities than differences. Often, several of
the following arguments are stated.
Arguments for helmet usage: increased safety, a role model for other cyclists, obligation, and
”positive group pressure”.
Arguments against helmet usage: comfort problems, problems with appearance, practical problems,
social factors, risk factors, and other factors such disturbed sense of freedom, etc.
One conclusion from the literature study is that we know fairly well what reasons are given for and
against helmet usage but there is a lack of studies with a more theoretical analysis of the
relationship between different arguments, e.g. whether certain arguments are more important than
others. If we can learn more about this aspect, it should be possible to make helmet promotion more
effective.
Summary of VTI rapport 429 What do cyclists think about using helmets? – A literature survey by
Sixten Nolén Language: Swedish with English summary Sponsor: Swedish National Road Administration
Link: vti.seedetalj.asp
__________________________________________________________
Well as you will see they have certainly been busy over here. I remember the claims about the 45%
fatality drop in Australia have been counter claimed. Any facts on that one? A glance through the 95
pages will show you many of the graphs have been taken from other reports with disputed conclusions
based on statistics that have been argued.
Our discussions on the Internet are mentioned as are many of the arguments against a mandatory
helmet law. (Page 84). But they do not delve into the depths of these arguments and they are - in my
mind - dismissed far too easily in a 95 page report. They mention intenet helmet wars and give links
to the helmet action group and so on. I find much of the report to be biased in favour of a helmet
law at first reading tonight. I will read it again tomorrow.
The words in my head at the moment are their classic lines "a cycle helmet law may result in a
reduction in cycling by young people and in certain, but temporary, reduction in cycling by younger
children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is probably no influenced."
- But don't young people become adults? Will they then suddenly start cycling? Will they own
bicycles? Will they pick up the skills required for safe riding that are usually naturally learnt
in ones youth?
Anyone who wishes to contact the authors of the report(s) can try the following.
Authors Sixten Nolén, VTI [email hidden] Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute
vti.seedefault.asp
Kent Lindqvist Linkopings Universty. [email hidden]
If you have time glance at the diagrams and charts in the 95 page PDF file
vti.seedetalj.asp
... and see if you recognise any.
Any comments about the English summaries above?
Garry Jones English cyclist, ResIDING in Sweden

Report
Robert Haston
Archived post

10 October 2003, 01:22 UTC #2

What you need to do right now is start extensive studies measuring overall bicycle use.
The reason is if it passes, you will have the first nationwide study to sort out whether the
decreased fatalities after MHLs are due to increased safety or decreased cycling.
If you prove the latter, then perversely you could be the nation that gets MHLs repealed around the
world. Could be a turn for Sweden to "take one for the team".
"Garry Jones" <[email hidden]> wrote in message "]news:[email hidden]...
Quoted message said:
Hi Guys.
I'm back again, this time with more info from Sweden. (Elders of this group may remember myself
presenting some of the earlier Swedish claims in 1997).
We have a current discussion ongoing in the newsgroup swnet.sport.cykel
I have been pointed to some new Swedish reports. These are fresh out of Sweden. The mandatory
helmet law argument is up again and this time people in high places are listening to these
campaigners. A mandatory helmet law may well be passed in Sweden within two years. If it is then
the decision is likely to be based on this report from "VTI", aka "The Swedish National Road and
Transport Research Institute"
___________________________________________________________
Report 1.
At 95 PDF pages and one appendix, this is most prolific I have ever seen.
This is it's English summary...
****************************************************
Effects of measures for increased bicycle helmet use Review of research
****************************************************
The aim of this review study is to compile and analyse the state of knowledge regarding the
effects of measures, both legislative and noncompulsory, taken to increase the use of cycle
helmets. The results are based mainly on studies from 1990-2002 found in literature databases.
The overall conclusion is that a considerable increase in helmet use by cyclists could be achieved
by noncompulsory measures, but the use levels are not as high as those achieved by legislation.
Most of the positive effects of noncompulsory measures are due to multistrategy programmes at
municipal and regional level, where the programmes mostly comprise informative and educational
activities in combination with discounts on helmets or reward systems.
There is, however, great variation in the level of helmet use that has been achieved; the observed
helmet use which most of the measures achive seldom exceeds 50 per cent for children and young
people or circa 25-30 per cent for adult cyclists. However, cycle helmet laws in combination with
informative and educational activities lead to significantly higher helmet use compared to
noncompulsory measures alone. Helmet use often reaches 80-90 per cent on average.
Several studies show that helmet laws reduce head injuries among bicyclists. In Australia, for
instance, the number of fatalities among cyclists decreased by 45 per cent in average two years
after their helmet laws compared to two years before.
The effect of cycle helmet laws on cycling is much debated, but results from studies are not
unambiguous. Several studies, however, indicate that a cycle helmet law may result in a reduction
in cycling by young people and in certain, but temporary, reduction in cycling by younger
children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is probably no influenced.
_________________________________________
VTI rapport 487
Effects of measures for increased bicycle helmet use. Review of research by Sixten Nolén, VTI, and
Kent Lindqvist, University of Linköping
Sponsor: Swedish National Road Administration
Published: 2003
Link Source vti.seedetalj.asp
_________________________________________________________
Report Two
*********************************************************
Experiences from a "bicycle helmet law" in Motala, Sweden Same authors as above
*********************************************************
A political (not legal) bicycle helmet resolution in Motala attracted great interest by the mass
media, especially in the first six months after the law was introduced. The name "helmet law"
presumably played an important part in this context.
A local "bicycle helmet law" must be firmly rooted among the relevant target groups. It is
important to have committed individuals who can initiate and promote the work, but the work must
not become dependent on any one single person. The way all issues concerning bicycle helmets are
handled in the municipality should be co-ordinated with the "bicycle helmet law". Continuous
political engagement is needed. A plan should be drawn up for political follow-up of the "bicycle
helmet law".
If the intention of a local "bicycle helmet law" is to increase the use of bicycle helmets among
all cyclists in the municipality, then work must right from the beginning be addressed to adult
cyclists also.
In order to increase bicycle helmet use in Sweden on a voluntary basis, more knowledge is needed
of how such an increase can be achieved. One way of acquiring such knowledge is to evaluate
different types of local initiative and, hopefully, in this way disseminate good experiences to
the rest of the country. Such a local bicycle helmet initiative was taken in Motala Municipality.
Motala was designated a WHO Safe Community in 1990. Work within a Safe Community has the aim of
preventing injuries in a number of different areas, for instance among vulnerable road users. As
part of this work, Motala introduced a "local bicycle helmet law" on May 1, 1996.
However, the Motala "bicycle helmet law" is not a law in the legal sense, since Swedish
municipalities cannot enact their own laws. It is a political recommendation that must be
supplemented with other measures; however, the political resolution forms a basis to which
information and educational measures for increased bicycle helmet use can be added. But the Motala
"helmet law" should have greater impact than an ordinary helmet campaign, since it is based on a
municipal political resolution which makes it possible to use political instruments and to exert
different kinds of pressure in the work.
Formally, the "helmet law" applies only to younger school children (ages 6-12) in Motala when they
bicycle to and from school and during their leisure hours. The primary objective is that helmet
use should increase among children up to 12 years of age, their parents and teachers. The ultimate
objective, however, is that the activities, which occur within the framework of the "helmet law",
will influence all cyclists in Motala and will thus in the longterm result in a general increase
in the use of helmets.
Evaluation of the local "bicycle helmet law" in Motala consists of a qualitative and quantitative
part. The quantitative part relates to e.g. the effects of the "law" on the use of helmets by
cyclists, but this is presented not in this report but in other documents. This study describes
the qualitative part of the evaluation that has the form of a retrospective process study of the
Motala "helmet law". The overriding objective is to describe how work on the "law" was carried out
and to present the experiences of the persons involved. Two sub studies were performed in which
both data collection and analysis are based on qualitative methodology. Sub study 1 is an
"Analysis of Activities and people involved" based on mainly written material. Sub study 2 is an
"Interview Study" based on eight in-depth interviews with people who had had the greatest
involvement with the Motala "helmet law".
The results are briefly described below.
Sub study 1 - Analysis of activities and people involved The initiative for the Motala local
"bicycle helmet law" and its political endorsement was mainly taken by one person, who in 1995 was
municipal commissioner and chairman of Motala Safe Community. The basic idea for the "helmet law"
evolved through the external contacts this commissioner established through the Safe Community.
The political resolution to implement the "law" did not meet any major resistance, even though
four politicians made reservations in connection with the name "local bicycle helmet law".
Issues to do with traffic safety and the use of bicycle helmets were dealt with during the study
period by different units/functions in the Motala organisation. The main work on the "bicycle
helmet law" was performed by a separate "reference group". Other organisational units took no
major part in dealing with issues concerning the "helmet law", apart from Motala Safe Community
where there were discussions of the "helmet law" concerning working procedures, planned measures
and the problems encountered. There were relatively few political decisions or activities
concerning the "helmet law" once the legal resolution had been passed. One exception was a
decision in the autumn of 1996 in which schools were asked to describe what measures they had
taken in connection with the "helmet law". It is surprising that the "law" was not dealt with more
continuously by the political institutions since work on the "law" had not been without problems.
The "law" was e.g. not firmly rooted in schools, and certain activities/measures could not be
implemented as had been intended, for instance the "bicycle helmet contract" between the
pupil-parent-school. One example of shortcomings was that school staff did not take a more active
part in planning or discussing the measures or the problems met with in the work on the helmet
law. This is surprising since, in formal terms, the "helmet law" directly affects school staffs.
For instance, there was no school representative in the reference group.
Many people (134) were more or less involved in the work on the Motala "bicycle helmet law". More
than half of all people involved were municipal politicians from Motala, but almost one third were
external people who did not have Motala Municipality as their employer. Most of the people
involved had participated either in political decisions regarding the "helmet law" or had a
consultative or supportive function. 5-6 people performed the continuous operational work on
planning and implementing activities in connection with the "helmet law". The operational work was
mainly carried out with reference to an action plan that was divided into six phases (political
preparation, planning phase, motivational phase, working phase, introductory phase and supportive
phase). Within the framework of the action plan, six types of activities were carried out (basic
planning, political activities, information concerning the "helmet law" and activities to increase
helmet use among children/schoolchildren, adults and the public at large). There were also some
basic activities outside the action plan, i.e. those that occurred prior to the helmet law
resolution. Examples are subsidies for bicycle helmets for all 5-year-old children in the
municipality, information concerning helmets on visits to schools/nursery schools and in meetings
with retired people. However, for different reasons, all the activities that had been planned were
not carried out. Especially during the spring and autumn of 1996 there were many planned
activities that were not carried out, which may be partly due to the loss of key persons from the
reference group and the political turbulence that followed the "Motala scandal".
During the first six months after its introduction, the "bicycle helmet law" attracted relatively
great attention in the mass media, primarily in the local press. Reporting was "favourable" in
that it was descriptive and informative instead of critical and questioning. The Motala "helmet
law" had also received attention outside the municipality, for instance via national and
international conferences and information on the Internet.
Sub study 2 - Interviews with people involved The interviews that were carried out provided many
points of view and sometimes also contrary opinions concerning the same issues. Most were however
positive to the basic idea of the Motala local "helmet law", and considered that the aims and
target groups were correct. Most also think that the law increased helmet use, in any case for
certain categories of cyclists. Many considered that certain bicycle helmet measures had not been
taken or that more work ought to have been done on the measures that had been implemented. Most
people are however positive about the idea of the "bicycle helmet contract", but do not think that
it worked as well as planned, one of the reasons being that it was not firmly rooted in the
schools.
In most cases, the persons interviewed were pleased about the communication between the people
most involved in the work. They are also positive about the extensive mass media reporting of the
Motala helmet law, and many believe that the law resulted in increased involvement in the
municipality in issues regarding traffic safety and bicycle helmets. Many had however experienced
difficulties in the work. Three main problems were mentioned, poor endorsement of the "helmet law"
(mainly in the schools), lack of clarity regarding responsibilities and roles in relation to
certain issues, and the fact that certain key persons left the municipality during the work. The
majority of those interviewed have a positive attitude towards the political resolution concerning
a local "helmet law" and also accept the name "helmet law". Most would however prefer to see a
reverse process in which the endorsement of people involved was first obtained and the political
decision taken afterwards.
Conclusions The following conclusions are drawn from this process study:
It is important to have committed individuals who can initiate and promote the work, but if the
work depend too much on any single person, the "project" becomes vulnerable. It is essential that
somebody quickly take over if a key person leaves.
A local bicycle helmet law must be firmly rooted among the relevant target groups. These target
groups should also be represented in a reference group.
Responsibilities and roles in the work must be clear. A project leader should be formally
appointed.
Handling of bicycle helmet issues within the whole municipality should be co-ordinated with the
work on the helmet law.
Continuous political engagement in the work is essential. A plan should be drawn up for political
follow-up of the "helmet law", so that action can be quickly taken if problems arise.
If the intention of a local "bicycle helmet law" is to increase the use of bicycle helmets among
all cyclists in the municipality, then work must right from the beginning be addressed to adult
cyclists also.
It would appear that the political helmet law resolution as such was important in influencing the
use of bicycle helmets. It gave rise to great interest by the mass media, especially during the
first six months after the introduction of the law. The name "helmet law" presumably plays a great
part in this context.
In conclusion, it is positive that the idea of a "local bicycle helmet law" could be tested under
actual conditions. The experiences gained from observation studies of the use of helmets in Motala
do not suggest that the Motala "helmet law" is a substitute for a national bicycle helmet law
(Nolén 1998c; Nolén 1999c). This process study demonstrates, however, that the idea of a local
bicycle "helmet law" should have good potential to give a more durable effect on helmet use in a
municipality, provided that certain problems that had arisen can be avoided and certain activities
intensified. Previous research also shows that local injury prevention program's should have a
long-term aim (preferably ten years or longer) to be effective. This presumably also applies to
the implementation of a "local bicycle
_______________
VTI rapport 459 Local "bicycle helmet law" in Motala. A process study by Sixten Nolén (VTI) and
Kent Lindqvist (linköping University) Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute
(VTI), SE-581 95 Linköping, Sweden
___________________________________________________
Another report, this time, just one of the above authors was involved, again English summary..
*******************************************
What do cyclists think about using helmets?
*******************************************
VTI rapport 429
The aim of this literature study was to provide a summary and an analysis of attitudes and beliefs
to cycle helmet wearing among children/adolescents and adults in Sweden and other countries. The
literature surveyed is limited to studies reporting results in Swedish, Norwegian, Danish or
English.
The results of the study show that there are certain differences in cyclists' reasons for not
using helmets, partly between children/adolescents and adults and partly between Nordic and
non-Nordic cyclists. However, most studies indicate greater similarities than differences. Often,
several of the following arguments are stated.
Arguments for helmet usage: increased safety, a role model for other cyclists, obligation, and
"positive group pressure".
Arguments against helmet usage: comfort problems, problems with appearance, practical problems,
social factors, risk factors, and other factors such disturbed sense of freedom, etc.
One conclusion from the literature study is that we know fairly well what reasons are given for
and against helmet usage but there is a lack of studies with a more theoretical analysis of the
relationship between different arguments, e.g. whether certain arguments are more important than
others. If we can learn more about this aspect, it should be possible to make helmet promotion
more effective.
Summary of VTI rapport 429 What do cyclists think about using helmets?
- A literature survey by Sixten Nolén Language: Swedish with English summary Sponsor: Swedish
National Road Administration
Link: vti.seedetalj.asp
__________________________________________________________
Well as you will see they have certainly been busy over here. I remember the claims about the 45%
fatality drop in Australia have been counter claimed. Any facts on that one? A glance through the
95 pages will show you many of the graphs have been taken from other reports with disputed
conclusions based on statistics that have been argued.
Our discussions on the Internet are mentioned as are many of the arguments against a mandatory
helmet law. (Page 84). But they do not delve into the depths of these arguments and they are - in
my mind - dismissed far too easily in a 95 page report. They mention intenet helmet wars and give
links to the helmet action group and so on. I find much of the report to be biased in favour of a
helmet law at first reading tonight. I will read it again tomorrow.
The words in my head at the moment are their classic lines "a cycle helmet law may result in a
reduction in cycling by young people and in certain, but temporary, reduction in cycling by
younger children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is probably no influenced."
- But don't young people become adults? Will they then suddenly start cycling? Will they own
bicycles? Will they pick up the skills required for safe riding that are usually naturally
learnt in ones youth?
Anyone who wishes to contact the authors of the report(s) can try the following.
Authors Sixten Nolén, VTI [email hidden] Swedish National Road and Transport Research
Institute vti.seedefault.asp
Kent Lindqvist Linkopings Universty. [email hidden]
If you have time glance at the diagrams and charts in the 95 page PDF file
vti.seedetalj.asp
... and see if you recognise any.
Any comments about the English summaries above?
Garry Jones English cyclist, ResIDING in Sweden

Report
Dorre
Archived post

10 October 2003, 01:51 UTC #3

In rec.bicycles.soc Garry Jones said:
As you will see they have certainly been busy over here. I remember the claims about the 45%
fatality drop in Australia have been counter claimed.
The 45% fall in cyclist fatalities in Victoria, Australia, is probably true. Pedestrian fatalities
fell by 42% (from 159 in 1989, the year before the helmet law to 92 the following year. There were
massive anti-speeding, anti-drink driving campaigns at that time. You'd expect the effect for
cyclists to be similar to that for cyclists if there were helmet law.
The problem is that the helmet law had a big effect on the amount of cycling. Numbers of adults
counted (at the same sites, observation periods and time of year fell by 29% for adults, 48% for
teenagers and 10% for children up to 11 years - a fall of 36% overall.
So, assume pedestrian fatalities fell by 42% and the effect on cyclists would have been similar if
there had been no law. With the law, there was, also, a 36% fall in the amount of cycling. Adding
this to the 42% fall in pedestrian fatalities, we'd expect cyclist fatalities to fall by 63%,
because of the safer road conditions and the fact that fewer people were cycling.
So, if the fall was only 45%, this is a lot worse than would have been expected given the safer road
conditions and the substantial decrease in the amount of cycling. Rather than improving cyclist
safety, the law almost certainly increased the danger to cyclists.
A better way of looking at the effect of the law is to look as numbers of cyclists admitted to
hospital for head and other injuries - see the graph at:
agbu.une.edu.auvelo.html
Both fall by similar amounts with the helmet law, suggesting the main effect was to reduce the
amount of cycling, not the relative proportions of head and other injuries.
Quoted message said:
The words in my head at the moment are their classic lines "a cycle helmet law may result in a
reduction in cycling by young people and in certain, but temporary, reduction in cycling by younger
children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is probably no influenced."
There's ample evidence that adults, as well as children, cycled less because of helmet laws. Why
were 29% fewer adults counted in the post-law survey, compared to pre-law, if they weren't affected
by the helmet law? A telephone survey in Western Australia found that a figure equivalent to 64% of
adult cyclists would ride more if there were no helmet law. Cyclists Organisations also conducted
their own surveys and found significant effects of helmet laws on the amount of adult cycling.
Quoted message said:
But don't young people become adults? Will they then suddenly start

cycling? Will they own bicycles? Will they pick up the skills required
Quoted message said:
for safe riding that are usually naturally learnt in ones youth?
I don't think people who write such reports are particularly interested in whether people ride
less because of helmet laws. They are not even interested in whether accident rates per cyclist
increase with helmet laws.
If you want to make cycling safer, encourage more people to cycle. See the 'Safety in Numbers'
Paper ip.bmjjournals.com205
Good luck and happy cycling, Dr D L Robinson, cyclist in Australia and professional statistian

Report
Pete
Archived post

10 October 2003, 02:56 UTC #4

"Garry Jones" <[email hidden]> wrote in message "]news:[email hidden]...
Quoted message said:
Hi Guys.

[snip]
Quoted message said:

Any comments about the English summaries above?
Garry Jones English cyclist, ResIDING in Sweden
Makes you wonder: What is the actual goal?
To increase helmet use, or to decrease the per cyclist injury/fatality rate, or to actually make
cycling safer. (Not all necessarily the same thing)
Pete

Report
Trent Piepho
Archived post

10 October 2003, 12:16 UTC #5

In article said:

"Garry Jones" <[email hidden]> wrote in message "]news:[email hidden]...
Quoted message said:
Hi Guys.

[snip]
Makes you wonder: What is the actual goal?
To increase helmet use, or to decrease the per cyclist injury/fatality rate, or to actually make
cycling safer. (Not all necessarily the same thing)
One of those goals involves a lot of money to be made. I wonder who funded this report from VTI?

Report
Jim D
Archived post

10 October 2003, 19:50 UTC #6

Thanks for posting this. I have been looking for some info regarding cycling laws in Sweden. Is it
true that cyclists there are required to be registered and carry third party insurance?
"Garry Jones" <[email hidden]> wrote in message "]news:[email hidden]...
Quoted message said:
Hi Guys.
I'm back again, this time with more info from Sweden. (Elders of this group may remember myself
presenting some of the earlier Swedish claims in 1997).
We have a current discussion ongoing in the newsgroup swnet.sport.cykel
I have been pointed to some new Swedish reports. These are fresh out of Sweden. The mandatory
helmet law argument is up again and this time people in high places are listening to these
campaigners. A mandatory helmet law may well be passed in Sweden within two years. If it is then
the decision is likely to be based on this report from "VTI", aka "The Swedish National Road and
Transport Research Institute"
___________________________________________________________
Report 1.
At 95 PDF pages and one appendix, this is most prolific I have ever seen.
This is it's English summary...
****************************************************
Effects of measures for increased bicycle helmet use Review of research
****************************************************
The aim of this review study is to compile and analyse the state of knowledge regarding the
effects of measures, both legislative and noncompulsory, taken to increase the use of cycle
helmets. The results are based mainly on studies from 1990-2002 found in literature databases.
The overall conclusion is that a considerable increase in helmet use by cyclists could be achieved
by noncompulsory measures, but the use levels are not as high as those achieved by legislation.
Most of the positive effects of noncompulsory measures are due to multistrategy programmes at
municipal and regional level, where the programmes mostly comprise informative and educational
activities in combination with discounts on helmets or reward systems.
There is, however, great variation in the level of helmet use that has been achieved; the observed
helmet use which most of the measures achive seldom exceeds 50 per cent for children and young
people or circa 25-30 per cent for adult cyclists. However, cycle helmet laws in combination with
informative and educational activities lead to significantly higher helmet use compared to
noncompulsory measures alone. Helmet use often reaches 80-90 per cent on average.
Several studies show that helmet laws reduce head injuries among bicyclists. In Australia, for
instance, the number of fatalities among cyclists decreased by 45 per cent in average two years
after their helmet laws compared to two years before.
The effect of cycle helmet laws on cycling is much debated, but results from studies are not
unambiguous. Several studies, however, indicate that a cycle helmet law may result in a reduction
in cycling by young people and in certain, but temporary, reduction in cycling by younger
children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is probably no influenced.
_________________________________________
VTI rapport 487
Effects of measures for increased bicycle helmet use. Review of research by Sixten Nolén, VTI, and
Kent Lindqvist, University of Linköping
Sponsor: Swedish National Road Administration
Published: 2003
Link Source vti.seedetalj.asp
_________________________________________________________
Report Two
*********************************************************
Experiences from a "bicycle helmet law" in Motala, Sweden Same authors as above
*********************************************************
A political (not legal) bicycle helmet resolution in Motala attracted great interest by the mass
media, especially in the first six months after the law was introduced. The name "helmet law"
presumably played an important part in this context.
A local "bicycle helmet law" must be firmly rooted among the relevant target groups. It is
important to have committed individuals who can initiate and promote the work, but the work must
not become dependent on any one single person. The way all issues concerning bicycle helmets are
handled in the municipality should be co-ordinated with the "bicycle helmet law". Continuous
political engagement is needed. A plan should be drawn up for political follow-up of the "bicycle
helmet law".
If the intention of a local "bicycle helmet law" is to increase the use of bicycle helmets among
all cyclists in the municipality, then work must right from the beginning be addressed to adult
cyclists also.
In order to increase bicycle helmet use in Sweden on a voluntary basis, more knowledge is needed
of how such an increase can be achieved. One way of acquiring such knowledge is to evaluate
different types of local initiative and, hopefully, in this way disseminate good experiences to
the rest of the country. Such a local bicycle helmet initiative was taken in Motala Municipality.
Motala was designated a WHO Safe Community in 1990. Work within a Safe Community has the aim of
preventing injuries in a number of different areas, for instance among vulnerable road users. As
part of this work, Motala introduced a "local bicycle helmet law" on May 1, 1996.
However, the Motala "bicycle helmet law" is not a law in the legal sense, since Swedish
municipalities cannot enact their own laws. It is a political recommendation that must be
supplemented with other measures; however, the political resolution forms a basis to which
information and educational measures for increased bicycle helmet use can be added. But the Motala
"helmet law" should have greater impact than an ordinary helmet campaign, since it is based on a
municipal political resolution which makes it possible to use political instruments and to exert
different kinds of pressure in the work.
Formally, the "helmet law" applies only to younger school children (ages 6-12) in Motala when they
bicycle to and from school and during their leisure hours. The primary objective is that helmet
use should increase among children up to 12 years of age, their parents and teachers. The ultimate
objective, however, is that the activities, which occur within the framework of the "helmet law",
will influence all cyclists in Motala and will thus in the longterm result in a general increase
in the use of helmets.
Evaluation of the local "bicycle helmet law" in Motala consists of a qualitative and quantitative
part. The quantitative part relates to e.g. the effects of the "law" on the use of helmets by
cyclists, but this is presented not in this report but in other documents. This study describes
the qualitative part of the evaluation that has the form of a retrospective process study of the
Motala "helmet law". The overriding objective is to describe how work on the "law" was carried out
and to present the experiences of the persons involved. Two sub studies were performed in which
both data collection and analysis are based on qualitative methodology. Sub study 1 is an
"Analysis of Activities and people involved" based on mainly written material. Sub study 2 is an
"Interview Study" based on eight in-depth interviews with people who had had the greatest
involvement with the Motala "helmet law".
The results are briefly described below.
Sub study 1 - Analysis of activities and people involved The initiative for the Motala local
"bicycle helmet law" and its political endorsement was mainly taken by one person, who in 1995 was
municipal commissioner and chairman of Motala Safe Community. The basic idea for the "helmet law"
evolved through the external contacts this commissioner established through the Safe Community.
The political resolution to implement the "law" did not meet any major resistance, even though
four politicians made reservations in connection with the name "local bicycle helmet law".
Issues to do with traffic safety and the use of bicycle helmets were dealt with during the study
period by different units/functions in the Motala organisation. The main work on the "bicycle
helmet law" was performed by a separate "reference group". Other organisational units took no
major part in dealing with issues concerning the "helmet law", apart from Motala Safe Community
where there were discussions of the "helmet law" concerning working procedures, planned measures
and the problems encountered. There were relatively few political decisions or activities
concerning the "helmet law" once the legal resolution had been passed. One exception was a
decision in the autumn of 1996 in which schools were asked to describe what measures they had
taken in connection with the "helmet law". It is surprising that the "law" was not dealt with more
continuously by the political institutions since work on the "law" had not been without problems.
The "law" was e.g. not firmly rooted in schools, and certain activities/measures could not be
implemented as had been intended, for instance the "bicycle helmet contract" between the
pupil-parent-school. One example of shortcomings was that school staff did not take a more active
part in planning or discussing the measures or the problems met with in the work on the helmet
law. This is surprising since, in formal terms, the "helmet law" directly affects school staffs.
For instance, there was no school representative in the reference group.
Many people (134) were more or less involved in the work on the Motala "bicycle helmet law". More
than half of all people involved were municipal politicians from Motala, but almost one third were
external people who did not have Motala Municipality as their employer. Most of the people
involved had participated either in political decisions regarding the "helmet law" or had a
consultative or supportive function. 5-6 people performed the continuous operational work on
planning and implementing activities in connection with the "helmet law". The operational work was
mainly carried out with reference to an action plan that was divided into six phases (political
preparation, planning phase, motivational phase, working phase, introductory phase and supportive
phase). Within the framework of the action plan, six types of activities were carried out (basic
planning, political activities, information concerning the "helmet law" and activities to increase
helmet use among children/schoolchildren, adults and the public at large). There were also some
basic activities outside the action plan, i.e. those that occurred prior to the helmet law
resolution. Examples are subsidies for bicycle helmets for all 5-year-old children in the
municipality, information concerning helmets on visits to schools/nursery schools and in meetings
with retired people. However, for different reasons, all the activities that had been planned were
not carried out. Especially during the spring and autumn of 1996 there were many planned
activities that were not carried out, which may be partly due to the loss of key persons from the
reference group and the political turbulence that followed the "Motala scandal".
During the first six months after its introduction, the "bicycle helmet law" attracted relatively
great attention in the mass media, primarily in the local press. Reporting was "favourable" in
that it was descriptive and informative instead of critical and questioning. The Motala "helmet
law" had also received attention outside the municipality, for instance via national and
international conferences and information on the Internet.
Sub study 2 - Interviews with people involved The interviews that were carried out provided many
points of view and sometimes also contrary opinions concerning the same issues. Most were however
positive to the basic idea of the Motala local "helmet law", and considered that the aims and
target groups were correct. Most also think that the law increased helmet use, in any case for
certain categories of cyclists. Many considered that certain bicycle helmet measures had not been
taken or that more work ought to have been done on the measures that had been implemented. Most
people are however positive about the idea of the "bicycle helmet contract", but do not think that
it worked as well as planned, one of the reasons being that it was not firmly rooted in the
schools.
In most cases, the persons interviewed were pleased about the communication between the people
most involved in the work. They are also positive about the extensive mass media reporting of the
Motala helmet law, and many believe that the law resulted in increased involvement in the
municipality in issues regarding traffic safety and bicycle helmets. Many had however experienced
difficulties in the work. Three main problems were mentioned, poor endorsement of the "helmet law"
(mainly in the schools), lack of clarity regarding responsibilities and roles in relation to
certain issues, and the fact that certain key persons left the municipality during the work. The
majority of those interviewed have a positive attitude towards the political resolution concerning
a local "helmet law" and also accept the name "helmet law". Most would however prefer to see a
reverse process in which the endorsement of people involved was first obtained and the political
decision taken afterwards.
Conclusions The following conclusions are drawn from this process study:
It is important to have committed individuals who can initiate and promote the work, but if the
work depend too much on any single person, the "project" becomes vulnerable. It is essential that
somebody quickly take over if a key person leaves.
A local bicycle helmet law must be firmly rooted among the relevant target groups. These target
groups should also be represented in a reference group.
Responsibilities and roles in the work must be clear. A project leader should be formally
appointed.
Handling of bicycle helmet issues within the whole municipality should be co-ordinated with the
work on the helmet law.
Continuous political engagement in the work is essential. A plan should be drawn up for political
follow-up of the "helmet law", so that action can be quickly taken if problems arise.
If the intention of a local "bicycle helmet law" is to increase the use of bicycle helmets among
all cyclists in the municipality, then work must right from the beginning be addressed to adult
cyclists also.
It would appear that the political helmet law resolution as such was important in influencing the
use of bicycle helmets. It gave rise to great interest by the mass media, especially during the
first six months after the introduction of the law. The name "helmet law" presumably plays a great
part in this context.
In conclusion, it is positive that the idea of a "local bicycle helmet law" could be tested under
actual conditions. The experiences gained from observation studies of the use of helmets in Motala
do not suggest that the Motala "helmet law" is a substitute for a national bicycle helmet law
(Nolén 1998c; Nolén 1999c). This process study demonstrates, however, that the idea of a local
bicycle "helmet law" should have good potential to give a more durable effect on helmet use in a
municipality, provided that certain problems that had arisen can be avoided and certain activities
intensified. Previous research also shows that local injury prevention program's should have a
long-term aim (preferably ten years or longer) to be effective. This presumably also applies to
the implementation of a "local bicycle
_______________
VTI rapport 459 Local "bicycle helmet law" in Motala. A process study by Sixten Nolén (VTI) and
Kent Lindqvist (linköping University) Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute
(VTI), SE-581 95 Linköping, Sweden
___________________________________________________
Another report, this time, just one of the above authors was involved, again English summary..
*******************************************
What do cyclists think about using helmets?
*******************************************
VTI rapport 429
The aim of this literature study was to provide a summary and an analysis of attitudes and beliefs
to cycle helmet wearing among children/adolescents and adults in Sweden and other countries. The
literature surveyed is limited to studies reporting results in Swedish, Norwegian, Danish or
English.
The results of the study show that there are certain differences in cyclists' reasons for not
using helmets, partly between children/adolescents and adults and partly between Nordic and
non-Nordic cyclists. However, most studies indicate greater similarities than differences. Often,
several of the following arguments are stated.
Arguments for helmet usage: increased safety, a role model for other cyclists, obligation, and
"positive group pressure".
Arguments against helmet usage: comfort problems, problems with appearance, practical problems,
social factors, risk factors, and other factors such disturbed sense of freedom, etc.
One conclusion from the literature study is that we know fairly well what reasons are given for
and against helmet usage but there is a lack of studies with a more theoretical analysis of the
relationship between different arguments, e.g. whether certain arguments are more important than
others. If we can learn more about this aspect, it should be possible to make helmet promotion
more effective.
Summary of VTI rapport 429 What do cyclists think about using helmets?
- A literature survey by Sixten Nolén Language: Swedish with English summary Sponsor: Swedish
National Road Administration
Link: vti.seedetalj.asp
__________________________________________________________
Well as you will see they have certainly been busy over here. I remember the claims about the 45%
fatality drop in Australia have been counter claimed. Any facts on that one? A glance through the
95 pages will show you many of the graphs have been taken from other reports with disputed
conclusions based on statistics that have been argued.
Our discussions on the Internet are mentioned as are many of the arguments against a mandatory
helmet law. (Page 84). But they do not delve into the depths of these arguments and they are - in
my mind - dismissed far too easily in a 95 page report. They mention intenet helmet wars and give
links to the helmet action group and so on. I find much of the report to be biased in favour of a
helmet law at first reading tonight. I will read it again tomorrow.
The words in my head at the moment are their classic lines "a cycle helmet law may result in a
reduction in cycling by young people and in certain, but temporary, reduction in cycling by
younger children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is probably no influenced."
- But don't young people become adults? Will they then suddenly start cycling? Will they own
bicycles? Will they pick up the skills required for safe riding that are usually naturally
learnt in ones youth?
Anyone who wishes to contact the authors of the report(s) can try the following.
Authors Sixten Nolén, VTI [email hidden] Swedish National Road and Transport Research
Institute vti.seedefault.asp
Kent Lindqvist Linkopings Universty. [email hidden]
If you have time glance at the diagrams and charts in the 95 page PDF file
vti.seedetalj.asp
... and see if you recognise any.
Any comments about the English summaries above?
Garry Jones English cyclist, ResIDING in Sweden

Report
Garry Jones
Archived post

10 October 2003, 22:20 UTC #7

Jim D said:

Thanks for posting this. I have been looking for some info regarding cycling laws in Sweden. Is it
true that cyclists there are required to be registered and carry third party insurance?
Hi Jim
No.
But we do have an organisation called TFF.
If a cyclist causes a car to swerve off the road then the cyclist is reponsible for the drivers
injuries and damage to the car. The drivers insurance will be up and claim the money back from the
cyclists third party insurance. If the cyclist has no third party insurance the TFF will step in and
pay costs of up to 5 million krona. (about $US 600
000). Any ammount over this may be claimed from the cyclist himself. However general practise is
that the insurance company does not pursue this.
Furthermore, if a cyclist is found to be "drunk in charge" of his bike the courts can rule for a
vehicle driving licence ban.
There was a stupid law here from 1972-1978. All cycles* had to be fitted with lights and reflectos,
even in broad daylight. *Child bikes and bikes equipped for training and racing were exempt.
Some people still think this law is in force.
We still have to have bells, and even professional cyclists racing in Sweden are required to have
bells. (Although no known case of the police stopping a race have been reported).
As for the Swedish rules on reflectors on bicycles. Bare with me now..
****************************************
All bikes must be equipped with refelctors at rear, front and side when ridden in the dark.
Front reflectors mounted after 1 sep 1985 must reflect a white beam. Side reflectors mounted after 1
sep 1985 must relect white or amber.
Reflectors back and front must be of saftey standard ECE-rule 3, class IV A, or 2. Other saftey
types acknowleged by the two main Swedish road groups are also allowed. However reflectors mounted
before 1 April 1986 may be of saftey standard ECE-rules 3 klass I or I A.
Rear reflectors mounted before 1 April 1986 may be of saftey standard acknowledged by the state
testing institute for saftey before 20 May 1980.
However, front reflectors mounted before 1 septemebr 1985 may be of an unpermitted saftey standard.
Side reflectors must be of at least saftey standard ECE-rule 3, class IV A, or 2. Other saftey types
acknowleged by the two main Swedish road are also allowed. But side reflectors mounted before 1
september 1985 may be of an unpermitted saftey standard.
But the demand on side reflectors is invalid if at least one of the cycles tyres is of a saftey
standard ECE rule 88. Besides this side reflectors mounted before 1 september 1985 may be of a non
saftey standard.
****************************************
The actual law is much longer and more complicated than this outline. It actually goes into
explaining which road groups have set the standards. Complicated for the police to know if you are
telling the truth when they stop you and ask you when you mounted your reflector. Was it before or
after 1 september 1985?, and if so was it tested before 20 May 1980?
The shape of things to come, just wait for their helmet law.
Garry Jones

Report
Jim D
Archived post

11 October 2003, 17:49 UTC #8

Thanks very much for the reply, that is very helpful.
Man, those reflector rules are complicated. Will a policeman actually spend time trying to figure
out when you had reflectors installed on your bicycle?
"Garry Jones" <[email hidden]> wrote in message "]news:[email hidden]...
Quoted message said:
Jim D said:

Thanks for posting this. I have been looking for some info regarding

cycling
Quoted message said:
Quoted message said:
laws in Sweden. Is it true that cyclists there are required to be

registered
Quoted message said:
Quoted message said:
and carry third party insurance?
Hi Jim
No.
But we do have an organisation called TFF.
If a cyclist causes a car to swerve off the road then the cyclist is reponsible for the drivers
injuries and damage to the car. The drivers insurance will be up and claim the money back from the
cyclists third party insurance. If the cyclist has no third party insurance the TFF will step in
and pay costs of up to 5 million krona. (about $US 600
000). Any ammount over this may be claimed from the cyclist himself. However general practise is
that the insurance company does not pursue this.
Furthermore, if a cyclist is found to be "drunk in charge" of his bike the courts can rule for a
vehicle driving licence ban.
There was a stupid law here from 1972-1978. All cycles* had to be fitted with lights and
reflectos, even in broad daylight. *Child bikes and bikes equipped for training and racing
were exempt.
Some people still think this law is in force.
We still have to have bells, and even professional cyclists racing in Sweden are required to have
bells. (Although no known case of the police stopping a race have been reported).
As for the Swedish rules on reflectors on bicycles. Bare with me now..
****************************************
All bikes must be equipped with refelctors at rear, front and side when ridden in the dark.
Front reflectors mounted after 1 sep 1985 must reflect a white beam. Side reflectors mounted after
1 sep 1985 must relect white or amber.
Reflectors back and front must be of saftey standard ECE-rule 3, class IV A, or 2. Other saftey
types acknowleged by the two main Swedish road groups are also allowed. However reflectors mounted
before 1 April 1986 may be of saftey standard ECE-rules 3 klass I or I A.
Rear reflectors mounted before 1 April 1986 may be of saftey standard acknowledged by the state
testing institute for saftey before 20 May 1980.
However, front reflectors mounted before 1 septemebr 1985 may be of an unpermitted saftey
standard.
Side reflectors must be of at least saftey standard ECE-rule 3, class IV A, or 2. Other saftey
types acknowleged by the two main Swedish road are also allowed. But side reflectors mounted
before 1 september 1985 may be of an unpermitted saftey standard.
But the demand on side reflectors is invalid if at least one of the cycles tyres is of a saftey
standard ECE rule 88. Besides this side reflectors mounted before 1 september 1985 may be of a non
saftey standard.
****************************************
The actual law is much longer and more complicated than this outline. It actually goes into
explaining which road groups have set the standards. Complicated for the police to know if you are
telling the truth when they stop you and ask you when you mounted your reflector. Was it before or
after 1 september 1985?, and if so was it tested before 20 May 1980?
The shape of things to come, just wait for their helmet law.
Garry Jones

Report
Mitch Haley
Archived post

11 October 2003, 18:51 UTC #9

Jim D said:

Man, those reflector rules are complicated. Will a policeman actually spend time trying to figure
out when you had reflectors installed on your bicycle?
I would just try to figure out if the bike was made after the new law took effect in 1985. They
weren't mounted before the bike existed. Mitch.

Report
Garry Jones
Archived post

12 October 2003, 13:50 UTC #10

Jim D said:
Will a policeman actually spend time trying to figure out when you had reflectors installed on
your bicycle?
No. I guess this could come up in court if a cyclist was hit by a car and sued for damages. The car
drivers defence could be that the reflector was not up to standard.
I guess the courts would have the powers to order an investigation into the history of the
reflector. It is also unclear what is meant by "mounted". I might have taken mine off the bike to
clean the tubing and then remounted it. What date would be valid?
Well, I know of no case where this has come up. On a similar note, I believe some countries have
exemptions from the seat belt law if the car was made before a cetain date.
Garry

Report
Mitch Haley
Archived post

12 October 2003, 15:50 UTC #11

Garry Jones said:

Well, I know of no case where this has come up. On a similar note, I believe some countries have
exemptions from the seat belt law if the car was made before a cetain date.
I'm pretty sure my state's seat belt law (Michigan, USA) exempts vehicles which were not required to
have belts when new (roughly 40 years old IIRC).
Mitch.

Report
Garry Jones
Archived post

13 October 2003, 00:23 UTC #12

Thanks for the feedback Dorre.
I need some more info to meet claims being made in swnet.sport.cykel
Some of the helmet links I have quoted were reruns from old postings and turned out to be
dead links.
I am missing the information that used to be behind these links
members.iinet.net.aubicycle helmets.html
Helmet FAQ globalx.nethfaq.html
Can you post an updated useful link list with helmet stats. Include the new links to the above two
sites if they are still up.
I have been challenged on several points in particular
1)"In New Zealand, helmet legislation has led to a 19% reduction in head injuries among bicyclist of
all age groups in its first 3 years." bmj.bmjjournals.coma
2)"Nine years on, however, cycling is more popular in Victoria than it was before 1990."
bmj.bmjjournals.coma
3) Stats from Victoria are said to show that the ammount of hours cycled increased constantly
between 1988 and 1992. The number of adults cycling is said to be the same two years after the
law. It is claimed that the reduction in cycling is mainly in youths and that this is due to a
drop in age requirement for driving licenses.
My own question here is that I wonder if there is any connection in injuries to cyclists and age
requirement for driving licences. Are younger drivers more likely to hit cyclists?
Any feedback or clarification on points 1-3?
Anyone else with any input? Links? Thanks
Garry Jones English Cyclist ResIDING in Sweden.

Report
Mitch Haley
Archived post

13 October 2003, 01:22 UTC #13

Garry Jones said:

Helmet FAQ globalx.nethfaq.html
I believe that's an old link to Avery's FAQ: magma.cahfaq.html

Report
Garry Jones
Archived post

13 October 2003, 16:21 UTC #14

Dorre said:
The 45% fall in cyclist fatalities in Victoria, Australia, is probably true.
The Swedish report quotes several of your reports in its source list.
Dorre, it is ironic that some of your findings in this Swedish packaging are being used to argue for
a mandatory helmet law. It's not what they say, it what's they leave out that is important here.
Remember the report concluded that
"Several studies show that helmet laws reduce head injuries among bicyclists. In Australia, for
instance, number of fatalities among cyclists decreased by 45 % in average two years after their
helmet laws compared to two years before. The effect of cycle helmet laws on cycling is much
debated, but results from studies are not unambiguous. Several studies, however, indicates that a
cycle helmet law may result in a reduction in cycling by young people and in a certain, but
temporary, reduction in cycling by younger children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is
probably not influenced."
Their research behind this is prolific. The research list names 229 sources. When politicians and
helmet campaigners want the result of the study they just read the conclusion. But in arriving at
these most two important points of this conclusion the authours have.. A)..not mentioned the
statistics you have that prove the 45% was out of proportion to what one would have expected due to
other factors. B) Claimed that cycling by adults is probably not influenced even though the
statistics point to the contary.
So where do we go from here? Would you be able to engage in an email dialogue with the authors about
their findings?
Dorre, here is the resource list they used. You will find yourself here as well as many of the other
reports that have circulated these last ten years.
*****************
Research Source List
*****************
Abularrage, JJ, DeLuca, AJ & Abularrage, CJ: Effect of education and legislation on bicycle helmet
use in a multiracial population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Vol. 151. No 1. pp. 41-44. 1997.
Adams, J & Hillman, M: The risk compensation theory and bicycle helmets. Inj. Prev. Vol. 7. No 4. p.
343. 2001.
Ainsworth, RA: Report on compulsory helmet wearing for bicyclists, and other bicycling issues.
Report Select Committee on Road Safety. Perth. 1994.
Ajzen, I: The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behaviour and human decision processes.
Vol. 50. pp. 179-211. 1991.
Attewell, RG, Glase, K & McFadden, M: Bicycle helmet efficacy: a metaanalysis. Accid. Anal. & Prev.
No 33. pp. 345-352. 2001.
Bayliss, J: Do bicycle helmets protect, and should they be mandatory? (Letter comment). Jama. Vol.
277. No 11. p. 883. 1997.
Behrensdorff, I: Born of voksnes brug af cykelhjelm - taelling sommeren 1993. Arbejdsnotat Rådet for
Trafiksikkerhedsforskning. Gentofte. 1993.
Berchem, SP: A community campaign that increased helmet use among bicyclists: Summary report.
Department of Transportation, City of Madison, Wisconsin. Traffic Engineering Devision. City of
Madison, WI, 1987, 25 s. 1987.
Berg, P & Westerling, R: Allför få skolungdomar bär hjälm när de cyklar. Litteraturöversikt och
enkätundersökning, underlag för påverkan till ökat bruk. Läkartidningen. Vol. 96. No 19. pp.
2383-2386. 1999.
Berglund, A: Utvärdering av cykelhjälmsprojektet åren 1989-1991. Jämtlands läns landsting.
Planeringsenheten. Samhällsmedicinska gruppen. Östersund. 1992.
Bergman, AB, Rivara, FP, Richards, DD & Rogers, LW: The Seattle children's bicycle helmet campaign.
Am J Dis Child. Vol. 144. No 6. pp. 727-731. 1990.
BHSI: Helmet laws for bicycle riders. Internet Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute,
BHSI. bhsi.orgmandator.htm. 2002a.
BHSI: Mandatory helmet laws - Our list of helmet laws. Internet Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute,
BHSI. bhsi.orgbike law.htm. 2002b. Björnstig, U & Andersson, P: Cykelhjälmskampanj
riktad till tonåringar och vuxna: Attityder och resultat. 43. Norrlands Universitetssjukhus.
Olycksanalysgruppen. Umeå. 1993.
Björnstig, U & Andersson, P: Hjälmlag effektivt sätt minska skador? Tonåringars och vuxnas attityder
analyserade. Läkartidningen. Vol. 92. No 7. pp. 662-665. 1995.
Björnstig, U & Näslund, K: Pedal Cycling Accidents - Mechanisms and Consequences. A study from
Northern Sweden. Acta Chir Scand. No 150. pp. 353-359. 1984.
Björnstig, U, Öström, M, Eriksson, A & Sonntag-Öström, E: Head and face injuries in bicyclists
--with special reference to possible effects of helmet use. J Trauma. Vol. 33. No 6. pp.
887-893. 1992.
BMA: Cycling Towards Health & Safety. The British Medical Association. Oxford. 1992.
BMA: Cycle helmets. The British Medical Association. The Chameleon Press. London. 1999.
BMJ: Electronic responses to: NEWS EXTRA: Guidelines could reduce children's head injuries from
cycling Anna Ellis BMJ 2002; 324: 1240b. Internet British Medical Journal.
http//bmj.com/cgi/eletters/324/7348/1240/b. 2002.
Borglund, ST, Hayes, JS & Eckes, JM: Florida's bicycle helmet law and a bicycle safety educational
program: did they help? J Emerg Nurs. Vol.
25. No 6. pp. 496-500. 1999.
Britt, J, Silver, I & Rivara, FP: Bicycle helmet promotion among low income preschool children. Inj
Prev. Vol. 4. No 4. pp. 280-283. 1998.
Cameron, M, Finch, C & Vulcan, P: The protective performance of bicycle helmets introduced at the
same time as the bicycle helmet wearing law in Victoria. General 1991-94. Monash University Accident
Research Centre.
Clayton, Victoria. 1994a.
Cameron, M, Newstead, S & Vulcan, P: Analysis of Reductions in Victorian Road Casualties, 1989 to
1992. 17th ARRB Conference, Gold Coast, Queensland, 14-19 August 1994; Proceedings. Australian Road
Research Bord Ltd, Vermont South. Gold Coast, Queensland. 1994b.
Cameron, MH, Heiman, L & Neiger, D: Evaluation of the Bicycle Helmet Wearing Law in Victoria During
it's First 12 Months. General Report 32. Monash University Accident Research Centre. Clayton,
Victoria. 1992.
Cameron, MH, Vulcan, AP, Finch, CF & Newstead, SV: Mandatory bicycle helmet use following a decade
of helmet promotion in Victoria, Australia
- An evaluation. Accident Analysis & Prevention. Vol. 26. No 3. pp. 325-337. 1994c.
Carnall, D: Cycle helmets should not be compulsory. (News). BMJ. Vol
318. No 5 June. p, 1505. 1999.
Carr, D, Skalova, M & Cameron, MH: Evaluation of the Bicycle Helmet Wearing Law in Victoria
During Its First Four Years. Report 76. Monash University Accident Research Centre. Clayton,
Victoria. 1995.
Cave, T & Wood, T: A Strategy for the Introduction of mandatory bicycle helmet use in Victoria.
Report RTA Road Traffic Authority. Hawthorn, Victoria. 1987.
Christensen, L: Marketing bicycle helmets by campaigns in cooperation between national and local
authorities in Denmark. Proceedings of the VIth world congress of the International Road Safety
Organisation: Marketing traffic safety, 3-6 october, 1994, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.
Bertrange, Luxembourg. 1996.
Coffman, S: Promotion of safety helmets for child bicyclists: 2002 update. Online J Knowl Synth
Nurs. Vol. 9. p. 1. 2002.
Coffman, S: Bicycle Injuries and Safety Helmets in Children. Review of Research. Orthopaedic
Nursing. Vol. 22. No 1. pp. 9-15. 2003.
Coffman, S & Kuniansky, N: Strategies to implement helmet legislation for child bicyclists. J Emerg
Nurs. Vol. 23. No 5. pp. 420-424. 1997.
Cote, TR, Sacks, JJ, Lambert-Huber, DA, Dannenberg, AL, Kresnow, MJ, Lipsitz, CM & Schmidt, ER:
Bicycle helmet use among Maryland children: effect of legislation and education. Pediatrics. Vol.
89. No 6 Pt 2. pp. 1216- 1220. 1992.
Cox, J: Bike helmet legislation. A lesson in patience and persistence. Nursing BC. Vol. 27. No 4.
pp. 32-33. 1995.
Curnow, W: The efficacy of bicycle helmets against brain injury. Accident Analysis and Prevention.
No 35. pp. 287-292. 2003.
Cushman, R, Down, J, MacMillan, N & Waclawik, H: Helmet promotion in the emergency room following a
bicycle injury: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. Vol. 88. No 1. pp. 43-47. 1991a.
Cushman, R, James, W & Waclawik, H: Physicians promoting bicycle helmets for children: a randomized
trial. Am J Public Health. Vol. 81. No 8. pp. 1044-1046. 1991b.
Danielsson, K: Öka säkerheten. Kartläggning av olycksmönster i Sverige. Rapport 1986/87:11.
Konsumentverket. Vällingby. 1987.
Dannenberg, AL, Gielen, AC, Beilenson, PL, Wilson, MH & Joffe, A: Bicycle helmet laws and
educational campaigns: an evaluation of strategies to increase children's helmet use. Am J Public
Health. Vol.
319. No 5. pp. 667- 674. 1993.
Davis, A: Increasing the number of cyclists is more important. BMJ. Vol.
320. No 4 january. p. 69. 1997.
Davis, R: Death on the Streets. Cars and the mythology of road safety. Leading Edge Press and
Publishing Ltd. North Yorkshire. 1992/93.
DETR: Tomorrow's roads: safer for everyone. The Government's road safety strategy and casualty
reduction targets for 2010. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. London. 2000.
DiGuiseppi, C & Roberts, IG: Individual-level injury prevention strategies in the clinical setting.
Future Child. Vol. 10. No 1. pp. 53-82. 2000. DiGuiseppi, CG, Rivara, FP & Koepsell, TD: Attitudes
toward bicycle helmet ownership and use by school-age children. American journal of diseases of
children. Vol. 144. No 1. pp. 83-86. 1990.
DiGuiseppi, CG, Rivara, FP, Koepsell, TD & Polissar, L: Bicycle helmet use by children. Evaluation
of a community-wide helmet campaign Jama. Vol. 262. No 16. pp. 2256-2261. 1989.
Dorsch, MM, Woodward, AJ & Somers, RL: Do bicycle safety helmets reduce severity of head injury in
real crashes? Accid Anal Prev. Vol. 19. No 3. pp. 183-190. 1987.
Dowswell, T, Towner, EM, Simpson, G & Jarvis, SN: Preventing childhood unintentional injuries--what
works? A literature review. Inj Prev. Vol.
321. No 2. pp. 140-149. 1996.
ECT: Improving Bicycle Safety without making helmet-use compulsory. Official position of the
European Cyclists' Federation. European Cyclists' Federation. Brussels, Belgium. 1998.
Ekman, R: Personlig kommunikation. Räddningsverket. 2003.
Ekman, R, Schelp, L, Welander, G & Svanström, L: Can a combination of local, regional and national
information substantially increase bicycle-helmet wearing and reduce injuries? Experiences from
Sweden. Accid Anal Prev. Vol. 29. No 3. pp. 321-328. 1997.
Ekman, R & Welander, G: The results of 10 years' experience with the Skaraborg bicycle helmet
program in Sweden. International Journal for Consumer & Product Safety. Vol. 5. No 1. pp.
23-39. 1998.
Elliott, BJ & Associates: Bicycle helmet research. Report B J Elliott & Associates. Melbourne. 1983.
Elliott & Shanahan Research: An exploratory study of high school students' reaction to bicycle
helmets. Report GR/86/10. Elliot & Shanahan Research. Sydney. 1986.
Ellis, A: Guidelines could reduce children's head injuries from cycling. Internet British Medical
Journal. http//bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7348/1240/b. 2002.
Encarta: Encarta, uppslagsverk 2001. Micro Soft Works Suite. 2002.
Englund, A, Gregersen, NP, Hydén, C, Lövsund, P & Åberg, L: Trafiksäkerhet. En kunskapsöversikt.
Studentlitteratur. Lund. 1998.
Evans, L: Traffic safety and the driver. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 1991.
Evans, L: Cycle helmets and the law. Bmj. Vol. 308. No 6943. pp. 1521-1522. 1994.
Farley, C, Haddad, S & Brown, B: The effects of a 4-year program promoting bicycle helmet use among
children in Quebec. Am J Public Health. Vol. 86. No 1. pp. 46-51. 1996.
Farley, C, Otis, J & Benoit, M: Evaluation of a four-year bicycle helmet promotion campaign in
Quebec aimed at children ages 8 to 12: impact on attitudes, norms and behaviours. Can J Public
Health. Vol. 88. No 1. pp. 62- 66. 1997.
Finch, CF: Teenagers' attitudes towards bicycle helmets three years after the introduction of
mandatory wearing. Inj Prev. Vol. 2. No 2. pp. 126-130. 1996.
Finch, CF, Heiman, L & Neiger, D: Bicycle use and helmet wearing rates in Melbourne, 1987 to 1992:
the influence of the helmet wearing law. General Report 45. Monash University Accident Research
Centre. Clayton, Victoria. 1993a.
Finch, CF, Newstead, SV, Cameron, MH & Vulcan, AP: Head Injury Reductions in Victoria Two Years
After Introduction of Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Use. General Report 51. Monash University Accident
Research Centre. Clayton, Victoria. 1993b.
Floerchinger-Franks, G, Machala, M, Goodale, K & Gerberding, S: Evaluation of a pilot program in
rural schools to increase bicycle and motor vehicle safety. J Community Health. Vol. 25. No 2. pp.
113-124. 2000.
Folkhälsoinstitutet: Det är en glädje att cykla. Hjälmen är bra för alla
- Fakta för äldre cyklister. Informationsbroschyr. Folkhälsoinstitutet - Skadeprogrammet. WHO -
Sekretariatet - Svenska Hjälminitiativet. Stockholm. 1994.
Folkhälsoinstitutet: 2:a nationella cykelhjälmskonferensen 27-28 november 1997, Lundsbrunns
konferens & kurort, Götene. Cykelhjälmen ett vaccin mot huvudskador. Minskar lidande och sänker
kostnader. Vaccinera! Konferensrapport. 1998:25. Folkhälsoinstitutet. Stockholm. 1998.
Foss, RD & Beirness, DJ: Bicycle Helmet Use in British Columbia: Effects of the Helmet Use Law.
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Highway Safety Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC,
USA. 2000.
Frank, C: NTF Skånes opinionsbildare för en ökad cykelhjälmsanvändning. Rapport Cykelhjälm 1:94.
NTF-Skåne. Malmö. 1994.
Fredlund, P: Personskador i trafiken. Blekinge 1988-1995. Rapport Trafikskaderegistret
Blekingesjukhuset, Landstinget Blekinge. Karlskrona. 1996.
Friberg, I: På uppdrag av Vägverket: Utvärdering av kampanjen "Cykelveckan". Rapport Pnr:664. IFS
Ingrid Friberg Samhällsinformation AB. Stockholm. 1997.
Gilchrist, J, Schieber, RA, Leadbetter, S & Davidson, SC: Police enforcement as part of a
comprehensive bicycle helmet program. Pediatrics. Vol. 106. No 1 Pt 1. pp. 6-9. 2000.
Godefrooij, T: Debate is counterproductive. BMJ. Vol. 322. No 28 April.
p. 69. 2001.
Graitcer, PL, Kellermann, AL & Christoffel, T: A review of educational and legislative strategies to
promote bicycle helmets. Inj Prev. Vol. 1. No 2. pp. 122-129. 1995.
Haglund, BJA & Svanström, LO: Evidensbaserad skadeprevention. Om effekter och effektivitet i
skadeförebyggande och säkerhetsfrämjande arbetet. 1999:22. Karolinska Institutet. Institutionen för
folkhälsovetenskap. Avdelningen för socialmedicin. Folkhälsoinstitutet. Nationella skadeprogrammet.
Stockholm. 1999.
Hallion, J: Bicycle helmet safety inquiry: Submission to the House of Representatives Standing
Committee on Transport Safety. Occasional Paper
1/85. South Australian Department of Transport. Division of Road Safety. Adelaide. 1985.
Healy, M & Maisey, G: The impact of helmet wearing legislation and promotion on bicyclists in
Western Australia. Report TB92-6. Western Australia Police Department. Research and Statistics Unit.
Perth. 1992.
Heathcote, B & Maisey, G: Bicycle use and attitudes to the helmet wearing law. Report TB94-1 Traffic
Board of Western Australia. Perth. 1994.
Hedin, A & Källestål, C: Kunskapsbaserat folkhälsoarbete. Del 1. Handbok för sammanställningar av
redan gjorda kunskapsöversikter om interventioner inom folkhälsoområdet. Rapport 2002:22. Statens
Folkhälsoinstitut. Stockholm. 2002.
Hedlund, J: Risky business: safety regulations, risk compensation, and individual behavior. Injury
Prevention. Vol. 2000. No 6. pp. 82-90. 2000.
Henderson, M: The Effectiveness of Bicycle Helmets - A Review. Report MAARE-010995. Motor Accidents
Authority. Sidney, NSW. 1995.
Henderson, M: Helmet Initiatives in Australia: A world model. Paper presented at the International
Conference on Bicycle Helmet Initiatives, February, 17, 1996, Melbourne, Australia 1996.
Hendrickson, SG & Becker, H: Reducing one source of pediatric head injuries. Pediatr Nurs. Vol. 26.
No 2. pp. 159-162. 2000.
Hillman, M: Cycle Helmets. The Case for and Against. Psi Report 752. 1993. 32p. 1993.
Hillman, M: Health benefits of cycling greatly outweigh loss of life years from deaths. BMJ. Vol.
314. No 4 january. p. 70. 1997.
Jacobson, B: Personlig kommunikation. Borås kommun. 2002.
Jaffe, B & Tamir, D: Bicycle helmets in Israel: observed change in usage following a nationwide
campaign. Isr J Med Sci. Vol. 32. No 2. pp. 135-137. 1996.
Johnston, BD, Rivara, FP, Droesch, RM, Dunn, C & Copass, MK: Behavior change counseling in the
emergency department to reduce injury risk: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. Vol. 110. No
2 Pt 1. pp. 267-274. 2002.
Kanny, D, Schieber, RA, Pryor, V & Kresnow, MJ: Effectiveness of a state law mandating use of
bicycle helmets among children: an observational evaluation. Am J Epidemiol. Vol. 1;154. No 11. pp.
1072-1076. 2001.
Kedjidjian, CB: Bicycle Helmets Save Lives. Traffic Safety. 1994/05.
1(86) pp.16-19 National Safety Council. 1121 Spring Lake Drive. 1994.
Kim, AN, Rivara, FP & Koepsell, TD: Does sharing the cost of a bicycle helmet help promote helmet
use? Inj Prev. Vol. 3. No 1. pp. 38-42. 1997.
King, M & Fraine, G: Bicycle helmet legislation and enforcement in Queensland 1991 to 1993: Effects
on helmet wearing and crashes. 1994 Australian pedestrian and bicyclist safety and travel workshop,
Melbourne, Australia. Proceedings. ARRB Transport Research Vermont South. Melbourne. 1994.
Klassen, TP, MacKay, JM, Moher, D, Walker, A & Jones, AL: Communitybased injury prevention
interventions. Future Child. Vol. 10. No 1. pp. 83-
2. 2000.
Kommunikationsdepartementet: På väg mot det trafiksäkra samhället. Ds
3:13 Regeringskansliet. Kommunikationsdepartementet. Stockholm. 1997. Krag, T: Cycle Helmets. To the
participants in the "Helmets For All" Conference 26-28 April, 1993, Stockholm. European Cyclists
Federation. ECF policy office. Dansk Cyklist Forbund. Copenhagen. 1993.
Laflamme, L, Engström, K & Hasselberg, M: Sociala skillnader i skaderisker. En rapport om den
socioekonomiska fördelningen av skador bland barn och ungdomar i Sverige. Statens Offentliga
Utredningar SOU
3:1. Barnsäkerhetsdelegationen. Stockholm. 2002.
Larsson, J: Bearbetning av patientstatistik för 1988-1998 avseende trafikskadade. Lägesrapport för
år 2000. VTI Notat 78-2000. Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 2000.
Larsson, J: Bearbetning av patientstatistik för 1988-1999 avseende trafikskadade. VTI Notat 75-2001.
Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 2001.
Leblanc, JC, Beattie, TL & Culligan, C: Effect of legislation on the use of bicycle helmets. Cmaj.
Vol. 166. No 5. pp. 592-595. 2002.
Lee, AJ, Mann, NP & Takriti, R: A hospital led promotion campaign aimed to increase bicycle helmet
wearing among children aged 11-15 living in West Berkshire 1992-98. Inj Prev. Vol. 6. No 2. pp.
151-153. 2000.
Leicester, P, Nassau, F & Wise, A: The Introduction of Compulsory Bicycle Helmet Wearing in
Victoria. General Report GR/91-4. Vicroads road Safety Division. Hawthorn. 1991.
Liikenneturva: Monitoring of Traffic Behaviour in Finland year 2000. Internet
Liikenneturva. The Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland.
liikenneturva.fienglseurantal2000.pdf. 2002.
Liller, KD, Smorynski, A, McDermott, RJ, Crane, NB & Weibley, RE: The MORE HEALTH bicycle safety
project. J Sch Health. Vol. 65. No 3. pp. 87-90. 1995.
Ljungblom, B-Å: Försöksverksamhet med att öka innehav och användningsfrekvens av cykelhjälmar hos
barn och ungdomar i Ronneby kommun. Undersökning av hur barn och ungdomar samt deras föräldrar i
Ronneby kommun i vissa avseenden upplever motortrafiken. Rapport Blekinge läns landsting.
Karlskrona. 1989.
Logan, P, Leadbetter, S, Gibson, RE, Schieber, R, Branche, C, Bender, P, Zane, D, Humphreys, J &
Anderson, S: Evaluation of a bicycle helmet giveaway program--Texas, 1995. Pediatrics. Vol. 101. No
4 Pt 1. pp. 578-
4. 1998.
LTSA: Cycle helmets. Internet Land Transport Safety Authority, LTSA.
ltsa.govt.nzhelmets.html. 2002a.
LTSA: Fact Sheet. Cycle safety features and safety rules. Internet Land Transport Safety Authority,
LTSA. ltsa.govt.nz01.html. 2002b.
MacKay, M, Klassen, T & Cushman, R: Trends in bicycle helmet use in Ottawa-Carleton, 1988-1997.
Impact of bicycle helmet legislation? Plan-it Safe. Child & Youth Injury Prevention Center.
Childrens Hospital of Eastern Ontario. Ottawa, Ontario. 1998.
Macknin, ML & Medendorp, SV: Association between bicycle helmet legislation, bicycle safety
education, and use of bicycle helmets in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Vol. 148. No 3. pp.
255-259. 1994.
Macpherson, AK & Macarthur, C: Bicycle Helmet Legislation: Evidence for Effectiveness. Pediatr Res.
Vol. 52. No 4. p. 472. 2002.
Macpherson, AK, Parkin, PC & To, TM: Mandatory helmet legislation and children's exposure to
cycling. Inj Prev. Vol. 7. No 3. pp. 228-230. 2001.
Macpherson, AK, To, TM, Macarthur, C, Chipman, ML, Wrigth, JG & Parkin, PC: Impact of Mandatory
Helmet Legislation on Bicycle-Related Head Injuries in Children: A Population-Based Study.
Pediatrics. Vol. 110. No
5. pp. 1-5. 2002.
Mallard, C: Personlig kommunikation. Fax 1997-05-26. NTF-Skåne. 1997.
Marshall, J & White, M: Evaluation of the Compulsory Helmet Wearing Legislation for Bicyclists in
south Australia. Report 8/94. South Australian Department of Transport, Office of Road Safety.
Walkerville. 1994.
McDermott, FT: Bicyclist head injury prevention by helmets and mandatory wearing legislation in
Victoria, Australia. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. Vol.
6. No 1. pp. 38-44. 1995.
Ministry of Transportation & Highways: On sept. 3, what you need to know about B.C´s new helmet law.
News Release August 29, 1996. 1996.
Mock, CN, Maier, RV, Boyle, E, Pilcher, S & Rivara, FP: Injury prevention strategies to promote
helmet use decrease severe head injuries at a level I trauma center. J Trauma. Vol. 39. No 1. pp.
29-33; discussion 34-25. 1995.
Moore, DW & Adair, V: Effects of a school-based education programme on safety helmet usage by 11 to
13-year-old cyclists. Educational
Psychology. Vol. 10. No 1. pp. 73-78. 1990.
Morgan, M, Peberdy, J & Rogerson, P: Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria 1990-1991 and Other
Bicycle Safety Factors. Report GR 91-9. Vic Roads. Road Safety Division. Hawthorn, Victoria. 1991.
Morris, BA & Trimble, NE: Promotion of bicycle helmet use among schoolchildren: a randomized
clinical trial. Can J Public Health. Vol.
82. No 2. pp. 92-94. 1991.
Morris, BA, Trimble, NE & Fendley, SJ: Increasing bicycle helmet use in the community. Measuring
response to a wide-scale, 2-year effort. Can Fam Physician. Vol. 40. pp. 1126-1131. 1994.
Newstead, SV, Cameron, MH, Gantzer, S & Finch, CF: Bicyclist Head Injuries in Victoria Three Years
after the Introduction of Mandatory Helmet Use. Report 75. Monash University, Accident Research
Centre. Clayton, Victoria. 1994.
NHTSA: State Legislative Fact Sheet. Bicycle Helmet Use Laws. National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, Department of Transportation. Washington. 2002.
Ni, H, Sacks, JJ, Curtis, L, Cieslak, PR & Hedberg, K: Evaluation of a statewide bicycle helmet law
via multiple measures of helmet use. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Vol. 151. No 1. pp. 59-65. 1997.
NISU: Bicycle Helmets. Injury Issues Monitor, National Injury Surveillance Unit. No 1. pp.
1-8. 1992.
Nolén, S: "Helmet Contract" - A method of increasing bicycle helmet usage among those cycling to and
from work. Book of Abstracts of papers presented at "Third International Conference on Injury
Prevention and Control in Melbourne" 18-22 February, 1996. NISU. Australian Institute of Health and
Welfare. Bedford Park, South Australia. 1996.
Nolén, S: Trafiksäkerhetspotential av ökad cykelhjälmsanvändning i Sverige. VTI notat 34-1998.
Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 1998.
Nolén, S: Lägesrapport för projekt "Metoder för ökad hjälmanvändning hos vuxna som cyklar till
arbetet". Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Brev daterat 1999-12-15. Linköping. 1999a.
Nolén, S: Vad tycker cyklister om hjälmanvändning? En litteraturstudie. VTI rapport 429. Statens
väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 1999b.
Nolén, S: Cykelhjälmsanvändning i Blekinge under fem år med Säkereken. Resultat från
observationsmätningar 1996-2000. VTI notat 31-2001. Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
Linköping. 2001.
Nolén, S: Cykelhjälmsanvändning i Sverige 1988-2001. Resultat från VTI:s observationsstudie 2001.
VTI notat 16-2002. Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 2002.
Nolén, S: Cykelhjälmsanvändning i Sverige 1988-2002. Resultat från VTI:s observationsstudie 2002.
Manus till VTI notat. Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 2003.
Nolén, S & Lindqvist, K: Lokal "Cykelhjälmslag" i Motala. En processtudie. VTI rapport 459 Statens
väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 2001.
Nolén, S & Lindqvist, K: A local bicycle helmet "law" in a Swedish municipality - the structure and
process of initiation and implementation. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. Vol. 9. No 2. pp.
89-98. 2002.
Nolén, S & Lindqvist, K: A local bicycle helmet "law" in a Swedish municipality - The effects on
helmet use. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. In press. 2003.
NRSP: Road Safety Update. Fall in cycle helmet wearing rates. National Road Safety Plan.
Christchurch. 1993.
NTF: För säkrare cykling. Cykelsäkerhetsrådets handlingsprogram 1988-89. NTF. Stockholm. 1988.
NTF: IDÉ BOKEN. Cykelhjälm -93. NTF i samarbete med landets Trafiksäkerhetsförbund/ föreningar. NTF.
Landskrona. 1993.
NTF: HuvudNyheterna. En tidning om cykelhjälm för lärare på låg- och mellanstadiet. NTF.
Stockholm. 1995.
OECD: Behavioural adaptations to changes in the road transport system. Road Transport Research
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Paris. 1990.
Parkin, PC, Hu, X, Spence, LJ, Kranz, KE, Shortt, LG & Wesson, DE: Evaluation of a subsidy program
to increase bicycle helmet use by children of low-income families. Pediatrics. Vol. 96. No 2. pp.
283-287. 1995.
Parkin, PC, Spence, LJ, Hu, X, Kranz, KE, Shortt, LG & Wesson, DE: Evaluation of a promotional
strategy to increase bicycle helmet use by children. Pediatrics. Vol. 91. No 4. pp. 772-777. 1993.
Pendergrast, RA, Ashworth, CS, DuRant, RH & Litaker, M: Correlates of children's bicycle helmet use
and short-term failure of school-level interventions. Pediatrics. Vol. 90. No 3. pp. 354-358. 1992.
Pietro, PD & Maisey, G: The effect on wearing rates of a cyclist helmet scheme for school-aged
children. Research Report 88/5. Western Australia Police Department. Research and Statistics Unit.
Perth. 1988.
Pless, IB: Venting spleen: helmet legislation. Inj Prev. Vol. 6. No 1.
p. 3. 2000.
Povey, LJ, Frith, WJ & Graham, PG: Cycle helmet effectiveness in New Zealand. Accident Analysis &
Prevention. Vol. 31. No 6. pp. 763-770. 1999.
Prop. 1996/97:137: Regeringens proposition. Nollvisionen och det trafiksäkra samhället. Regeringen.
Stockholm. 1997.
Puder, DR, Visintainer, P, Spitzer, D & Casal, D: A comparison of the effect of different bicycle
helmet laws in 3 New York City suburbs. Am J Public Health. Vol. 89. No 11. pp. 1736-1738. 1999.
Quine, L, Rutter, DR & Arnold, L: Persuading school-age cyclists to use safety helmets:
Effectiveness of an intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour. British Journal of Health
Psychology, Vol. 6(4), 327 345, Nov. 2001.
Regeringens proposition: Nollvisionen och det trafiksäkra samhället. Prop 1996/97:137 Riksdagstryck.
Stockholm. 1997.
Ressler, WH & Toledo, E: Kasdah B'Rosh Tov: a description and evaluation of the Israeli bicycle
helmet campaign. Health Educ Behav. Vol. 25. No
3. pp. 354-370. 1998.
Rivara, FP, Thompson, DC, Patterson, MQ & Thompson, RS: Prevention of bicycle-related injuries:
helmets, education, and legislation. Annu Rev Public Health. Vol. 19. pp. 293-318. 1998.
Rivara, FP, Thompson, DC, Thompson, RS, Rogers, LW, Alexander, B, Felix, D & Bergman, AB: The
Seattle Children's Bicycle Helmet Campaign: Changes in Helmet Use and Head Injury Admissions.
Pediatrics. Vol. 93. No 4. pp. 567-569. 1994.
Robinson, D & Acton, C: Helmet laws and health. Inj Prev. Vol. 4. No 3. pp. 170-172. 1998.
Robinson, DL: Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws. Accid Anal Prev. Vol. 28. No 4. pp.
463-475. 1996.
Robinson, DL: Changes in head injury with the New Zealand bicycle helmet law. Accid Anal Prev. Vol.
33. No 5. pp. 687-691. 2001.
Rodgers, GB: Bicycle and Bicycle Helmet Use Patterns in the United States in 1998. Journal of Safety
Research. Vol. 31. No 3. pp. 149-158. 2000.
Rodgers, GB: Effects of state helmet laws on bicycle helmet use by children and adolescents. Inj
Prev. Vol. 8. No 1. pp. 42-46. 2002.
Rosenberg, ML & Sleet, DA: Injury Control Recommendations for Bicycle Helmets. Journal of School
Health. Vol. 65. No 4. pp. 133-139. 1995.
Rourke, LL: Bicycle helmet use among schoolchildren. Impact of a community education program and a
cycling fatality. Can Fam Physician. Vol. 40. pp. 1116-1124. 1994.
Rouzier, P & Alto, WA: Evolution of a successful community bicycle helmet campaign. J Am Board Fam
Pract. Vol. 8. No 4. pp. 283-287. 1995.
Royles, M: International literature review of cycle helmets. Project Report 76. Transport Research
Laboratory. Crowthorne, Berkshire. 1994.
Ruch-Ross, HS & O'Connor, KG: Bicycle helmet counselling by pediatricians: A random national survey.
American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 83. No 5. pp. 728-730. 1993.
Rungie, C & Trembath, R: Observational study of bicycle helmet wearing among south Australian
shoolchildren. Report 14/88 8/94. South Australian Department of Transport, Road Safety Division.
Adelaide. 1987.
Sacks, JJ, Holmgreen, P, Smith, SM & Sosin, DM: Bicycle-associated head injuries and deaths in the
United States from 1984 through 1988. How many are preventable? Jama. Vol. 266. No 21. pp.
3016-3018. 1991.
Safe Kids: Safe Kids Canada supports bicycle helmet legislation. Internet Safe Kids Canada.
safekidscanada.caSafeKidsWeek
4/BikeHelmetLegislation.html. 2002.
SCB: Konsumentprisindex (1980=100), fastställda tal, samt beräknade årsmedeltal. Internet SCB.
scb.sepr0101tab1.asp. 2002.
Scheidt, PC, Wilson, MH & Stern, MS: Bicycle helmet law for children: a case study of activism in
injury control. Pediatrics. Vol. 89. No 6. pp. 1248-1250. 1992.
Schieber, RA, Gilchrist, J & Sleet, DA: Legislative and regulatory strategies to reduce childhood
unintentional injuries. Future Child. Vol. 10. No 1. pp. 111-136. 2000.
Schieber, RA, Kresnow, MJ, Sacks, JJ, Pledger, EE, O'Neil, JM & Toomey, KE: Effect of a state law
on reported bicycle helmet ownership and use. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Vol. 150. No 7. pp
707-712. 1996.
Scott, IKR: Report on Australian bicycle helmet requirements and education programs by state and
territory. Child Accident Prevention Foundation of Australia. National Injury Surveillance Unit
Melbourne, 1992, 34 s. 1992.
Scuffham, P: Helmet Mandatory in New Zealand. Headlines. Vol. 3 (Spring,
5). No 2. p. 8. 1994.
Scuffham, P, Alsop, J, Cryer, C & Langley, JD: Head injuries to bicyclists and the New Zealand
bicycle helmet law. Accid Anal Prev. Vol.
6. No 4. pp. 565-573. 2000.
Scuffham, PA & Langley, JD: Trends in cycle injury in New Zealand under voluntary helmet use.
Accident Analysis & Prevention. Vol. 29. No 1. pp. 1-9. 1997.
Shafi, S, Gilbert, JC, Loghmanee, F, Allen, JE, Caty, MG, Glick, PL, Carden, S & Azizkhan, RG:
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional pediatric trauma
center. J Pediatr Surg. Vol. 33. No 2. pp. 317-321. 1998.
SIKA/SCB: Vägtrafikskador 2000. Sveriges officiella statistik Statens Institut för
KommunikationsAnalys. Statistiska Centralbyrån. Stockholm. 2001.
SIKA/SCB: Vägtrafikskador 2001. Sveriges officiella statistik Statens Institut för
KommunikationsAnalys. Statistiska Centralbyrån. Stockholm. 2002.
Smith, NC & Milthorpe, FW: An observational survey of law compliance and helmet wearing by
bicyclists in New South Wales - 1993. Report Roads and Traffic Authority. Network Efficiency Branch.
Sydney. 1993.
Smith, PK: Increasing Bicycle Helmet Use in Michigan: A School-Based Intervention Pilot Program.
Evaluation Report. Report. Michigan Bicycle Helmet Advisory Committee. Michigan. 1991.
Social Development Committee: Inquiry into Child Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety. First report.
Parliament of Victoria. Melbourne. 1986.
Spolander, K: Bike helmets - A safety device for the nineties. Paper presented at VELO CITY 89,
Copenhagen August 21-23, 1989. NTF, The National Society for Road Safety. Kista. 1989.
Staysafe 12: Bicycle Safety. Report New South Wales Parliament. Joint Standing Committee on Road
Safety. Sydney. 1988.
Stevens, MM, Olson, AL, Gaffney, CA, Tosteson, TD, Mott, LA & Starr, P: A pediatric, practice-based,
randomized trial of drinking and smoking prevention and bicycle helmet, gun, and seatbelt safety
promotion. Pediatrics. Vol. 109. No 3. pp. 490-497. 2002.
Ståhlspets, Å: Cykelprojekt 1997. Tekniska kontoret, Gävle kommun. Gävle. 1998.
Sullivan, G: Initial effects of mandatory bicycle helmet wearing legislation. VIC Roads. Road
Information Service IR 90-15 Hawthorn, 1990, 15 s. 1990.
Svanström, L, Welander, G, Ekman, R & Schelp, L: Development of a Swedish bicycle helmet promotion
programme--one decade of experiences. Health Promot Internation. Vol. 17. No 2. pp. 161-169. 2002.
Svenska Hjälminitiativgruppen: Kampanj/skolmanual Hjälm-5:an för 11- åringar, med exempel. En
återkommande enkel rutin... ...hindrar och lindrar huvudskador. Broschyr. Svenska
Hjälminitiativgruppen - WHOsekretariatet. Lidköping. 1999.
Svensson, HE: Trafikmätningar i Göteborg 2001. Rapport 3:2002. Göteborgs stad, trafikkontoret,
trafikplanering. Göteborg. 2002.
Svernfors, T: Cykelhjälmsprojektet vid Västra skolan i Falun. Hur man med information lyckas bryta
högstadieelevernas fördomar och förmå dem använda cykelhjälm. PM Göteborg. 1993.
Tarvainen, A-L: Personlig kommunikation. E-mail 2002-12-06. Kommunikationsministeriet,
Finland. 2002.
The Cochrane Collaboration: Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook 4.1.6. Updated January 2003. The Cochrane
Collaboration. cochrane.dehbook.htm. 2003.
Thompson, D, Rivara, F & Thompson, R: Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists
(Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. No 1. pp. 1-27. 2003.
Thompson, DC, Rivara, FP & Thompson, RS: Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head
injuries. A case-control study. Jama. Vol.
7. No 24. pp. 1968-1973. 1996.
Thompson, DC, Thompson, RS & Rivara, FP: Risk compensation theory should be subject to systematic
reviews of the scientific evidence. Internet Inj Prev 2002; 8: 1e.
ip.bmjjournals.come1. 2002.
Thompson, DC, Thompson, RS, Rivara, FP, Adams, J & Hillman, M: Risk compensation theory should be
subject to systematic reviews of the scientific evidence o The risk compensation theory and bicycle
helmets. Internet Inj Prev 2002; 8: 1e. ip.bmjjournals.come1. 2002.
Thompson, NJ, Sleet, D & Sacks, JJ: Increasing the use of bicycle helmets: lessons from behavioral
science. Patient Educ Couns. Vol. 46. No 3. pp. 191- 197. 2002.
Thompson, RS, Rivara, FP & Thompson, DC: A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety
helmets. N Engl J Med. Vol. 320. No 21. pp. 1361-1367. 1989.
Tiippana, L: Stockholmstrafiken. Cykelräkningar 2000. Rapport 2000:3. Stockholm stad. Gatu- och
fastighetskontoret. Fastighetskontoret. Stockholm. 2000.
Towner, E, Dowswell, T, Burkes, M, Dickinson, H, Towner, J & Hayes, M: Bicycle Helmets - A review of
their effectiveness: A critical review of the literature. Department for Transport. London. 2002.
Towner, P & Marvel, MK: A school-based intervention to increase the use of bicycle helmets. Fam Med.
Vol. 24. No 2. pp. 156-158. 1992.
Transafe: Bicycle Helmet Safety. Final Report on the Motorcycle and Bicycle Helmet Safety Inquiry.
Report of the House Representatives Standing Committee on Transport Safety The Parliament of the
Commonwealth of Australia. Canberra. 1985.
Trippe, H: Bicycle Helmet Initiatives - Where Have We Got To? Journal of
Traffic Medicine. Vol. 22. No 3. pp. 113-117. 1994.
TTM Consulting: Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria: March 1994. General Report GR 94-6. TTM
Consulting Pty. Ltd. Abbotsford. 1994.
U.S Department of Health and Human Service: Healthy People 2010. Volume
V. Objectives for Improving Health. Part B: Focus Areas 15-28. Report
W.S Department of Health and Human Service. Wasington, DC. 2000.
Walker, MB: Law compliance and helmet use among cyclists in New South Wales. Consultant Report CR
6/90. Roads and Traffic Authority. Road Safety Bureau. Rosebery. 1990.
Walker, MB: Law compliance and helmet use among cyclists in New South Wales, April 1991. Consultant
Report CR 1/91. Roads and Traffic Authority. Road Safety Bureau. Rosebery. 1991.
Walker, MB: Law compliance among cyclists in New South Wales, April 1992. A third survey. Report
Roads and Traffic Authority. Network Efficiency Branch. Rosebery. 1992.
Wardlaw, MJ: Three lessons for a better cycling future. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL. No 321. pp.
1582-1585. 2000.
Watts, D, O'Shea, N, Flynn, E, Trask, A & Kelleher, D: Effect of a bicycle safety program and free
bicycle helmet distribution on the use of bicycle helmets by elementary school children. J Emerg
Nurs. Vol. 23. No 5. pp. 417-419. 1997.
Weiss, BD: Trends in bicycle helmet use by children: 1985 to 1990. Pediatrics. Vol. 89. No 1. pp.
78-80. 1992.
Wesson, D, Spence, L, Hu, X & Parkin, P: Trends in bicycling-related head injuries in children after
implementation of a community-based bike helmet campaign. J Pediatr Surg. Vol. 35. No 5. pp.
688-689. 2000.
Widarsdotter, K: Personlig kommunikation. 05-30-2000. Borås kommun. 2000.
Wilde, G: Target risk. PDE Publications. Toronto, Canada. 1994.
Williams, MA: Evaluation of the NSW introduction of compulsory bicycle helmet legislation. Resarch
Note RN 17/94. Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales, Road Safety and Traffic Management.
Sydney. 1995.
Winn, GL, Jones, DF & Bonk, CJ: Taking it to the streets. Helmet use and bicycle safety as
components of inner-city youth development. Clin Pediatr. Vol. 31. No 11. pp. 672-677. 1992.
Wise, A: Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria 1983-1989. General Report GR 89-1. Vic Roads Road
Safety Division. Hawthorn. 1989.
Wood, T & Milne, P: Head injuries to pedal cyclists and the promotion of helmet use in Victoria,
Australia. Accid Anal Prev. Vol. 20. No 3. pp. 177- 185. 1988.
Wren, J: Bicycle 'Helmet Wars': Fact, Fiction and Moving Forward. Internet Safekids, a Service of
Starship Children's Hospital. helmets.orgnzhelmets.pdf. 2002.
Wright, M, Rivara, FP & Ferse, D: Evaluation of the Think First head and spinal cord injury
prevention program. Inj Prev. Vol. 1. No 2. pp. 81-85. 1995.
Vulcan, AP, Cameron, MH & Heiman, L: Evaluation of Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Use in Victoria,
Australia. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 36th annual conference, Portland,
Oregon, October 5-7, 1992. Proceedings. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine,
AAAM. Des Plaines, IL. 1992.
Vulcan, AP, Cameron, MH & Watson, WL: Mandatory bicycle helmet use: experience in Victoria,
Australia. World J Surg. Vol. 16. No 3. pp. 389-397. 1992.
Vulcan, P: Establishing Compulsory Bicycle Helmet Wearing - the Experience in Victoria, Australia.
Helmets for all. European conference on how to promote helmet wearing for leisure and sport, 26-28
april 1993, Stockholm, Sweden. European consumer satety association (ECOSA). Amsterdam, The
Netherlands. 1993.
Vägverket: "Gud tänkte på allt, utom löst grus på asfalt". Utvärdering av cykelvecka 1995. Publ.
1995; 43. Vägverket, marknadsanalys. Borlänge. 1995.
Vägverket: Analys av press, radio och TV. Cykelveckan 1995 och 1996. Publ. 1996; 54. Vägverket,
marknadsanalys. Borlänge. 1996.
Vägverket: Projekt företagshjälmen 1995-1997. För ökad cykelhjälmsanvändning i region Skåne. Rapport
Publ 97:142. Vägverket. Borlänge. 1997.
Vägverket: Utvärdering av kampanjen CYKELVECKAN 1998. Publ. 1998; 81. Vägverket, marknadsanalys.
Borlänge. 1998.
Vägverket: Trafiksäkerhetsrapport 1998. Publikation 1999:35. Vägverket. Borlänge. 1999.
Vägverket: Så når vi trafiksäkerhetsmålen - Pressmeddelande Nr 39, 2002-08-14. Internet Vägverket.
vv.sehkpress40.htm. 2002.
Önning, A: Personlig kommunikation. Redovisning av kampanjen cykelhjälm -99. Personlig
kommunikation. PM 1999-10-21. SATSA: Arbetsgruppen för äldre och funktionshindrade. 1999.
*********************
End Research Source List
*********************
Source: vti.seedetalj.asp PDF Pages 86-99 (Numbered 83-96)
Garry Jones English Cyclist ResIDING in Sweden

Report
Fredrik Jonson
Archived post

13 October 2003, 23:51 UTC #15

In Garry Jones said:
Dorre, it is ironic that some of your findings in this Swedish packaging are being used to argue
for a mandatory helmet law.
Or could it simply be that the data is inconclusive, and that either opinion could be argued to some
extent with those numbers?
For those that don't know, I'm the opposition Garry has been running into in the swedish groups. =)
I have been doing a bit of research myself, and disregarding all the inconclusive "facts" that can
be found everywhere on the net, I have also found references to something that is called "The helmet
wars". Aparantly, I have unknowingly placed my foot in one of usenet's old wasps' nests. That is not
what I intended.
But let me just add that the Swedish research report written by VTI and the University of Linköping,
a litterature study which explains the 290 references, should probably not be disregarded as
partisan. The summary may sound partisan towards helmet laws, but inside the report (in swedish)
different possible interpretations of the data is discussed quite thoroughly. As is expected in a
scientific report before any swedish university would put their name on it.
--
Fredrik Jonson "There are Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics."

Report
Garry Jones
Archived post

14 October 2003, 09:22 UTC #16

Fredrik Jonson said:
The summary may sound partisan towards helmet laws, but inside the report (in swedish) different
possible interpretations of the data is discussed quite thoroughly.
True. Other explanations of these findings are discussed, but throughout the report the
language used is tilted towards the mandatory helmet law. Several sources of data are discussed
out of context.
And, at 95 pages, the politicians and law makers are only going to read the summary.
The single page summary says...
1)In Australia, for instance, the number of fatalities among cyclists decreased by 45 per cent in
average two years after their helmet laws compared to two years before.
2)The effect of cycle helmet laws on cycling is much debated, but results from studies are not
unambiguous. Several studies, however, indicate that a cycle helmet law may result in a reduction
in cycling by young people and in certain, but temporary, reduction in cycling by younger
children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is probably no influenced.
As Dorre explained these two claims are seriously flawed.
Garry Jones

Report
Garry Jones
Archived post

14 October 2003, 17:54 UTC #17

Dorre said:
The 45% fall in cyclist fatalities in Victoria, Australia, is probably true.
The Swedish report quotes several of your reports in its source list.
Dorre, it is ironic that some of your findings in this Swedish packaging are being used to argue for
a mandatory helmet law. It's not what they say, it what's they leave out that is important here.
Remember the report concluded that
"Several studies show that helmet laws reduce head injuries among bicyclists. In Australia, for
instance, number of fatalities among cyclists decreased by 45 % in average two years after their
helmet laws compared to two years before. The effect of cycle helmet laws on cycling is much
debated, but results from studies are not unambiguous. Several studies, however, indicates that a
cycle helmet law may result in a reduction in cycling by young people and in a certain, but
temporary, reduction in cycling by younger children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is
probably not influenced."
Their research behind this is prolific. The research list names 229 sources. When politicians and
helmet campaigners want the result of the study they just read the conclusion. But in arriving at
these most two important points of this conclusion the authours have.. A)..not mentioned the
statistics you have that prove the 45% was out of proportion to what one would have expected due to
other factors. B) Claimed that cycling by adults is probably not influenced even though the
statistics point to the contary.
So where do we go from here? Would you be able to engage in an email dialogue with the authors about
their findings?
Dorre, here is the resource list they used. You will find yourself here as well as many of the other
reports that have circulated these last ten years.
*****************
Research Source List
*****************
Abularrage, JJ, DeLuca, AJ & Abularrage, CJ: Effect of education and legislation on bicycle helmet
use in a multiracial population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Vol. 151. No 1. pp. 41-44. 1997.
Adams, J & Hillman, M: The risk compensation theory and bicycle helmets. Inj. Prev. Vol. 7. No 4. p.
343. 2001.
Ainsworth, RA: Report on compulsory helmet wearing for bicyclists, and other bicycling issues.
Report Select Committee on Road Safety. Perth. 1994.
Ajzen, I: The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behaviour and human decision processes.
Vol. 50. pp. 179-211. 1991.
Attewell, RG, Glase, K & McFadden, M: Bicycle helmet efficacy: a metaanalysis. Accid. Anal. & Prev.
No 33. pp. 345-352. 2001.
Bayliss, J: Do bicycle helmets protect, and should they be mandatory? (Letter comment). Jama. Vol.
277. No 11. p. 883. 1997.
Behrensdorff, I: Born of voksnes brug af cykelhjelm - taelling sommeren 1993. Arbejdsnotat Rådet for
Trafiksikkerhedsforskning. Gentofte. 1993.
Berchem, SP: A community campaign that increased helmet use among bicyclists: Summary report.
Department of Transportation, City of Madison, Wisconsin. Traffic Engineering Devision. City of
Madison, WI, 1987, 25 s. 1987.
Berg, P & Westerling, R: Allför få skolungdomar bär hjälm när de cyklar. Litteraturöversikt och
enkätundersökning, underlag för påverkan till ökat bruk. Läkartidningen. Vol. 96. No 19. pp.
2383-2386. 1999.
Berglund, A: Utvärdering av cykelhjälmsprojektet åren 1989-1991. Jämtlands läns landsting.
Planeringsenheten. Samhällsmedicinska gruppen. Östersund. 1992.
Bergman, AB, Rivara, FP, Richards, DD & Rogers, LW: The Seattle children's bicycle helmet campaign.
Am J Dis Child. Vol. 144. No 6. pp. 727-731. 1990.
BHSI: Helmet laws for bicycle riders. Internet Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute,
BHSI. bhsi.orgmandator.htm. 2002a.
BHSI: Mandatory helmet laws - Our list of helmet laws. Internet Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute,
BHSI. bhsi.orgbike law.htm. 2002b. Björnstig, U & Andersson, P: Cykelhjälmskampanj
riktad till tonåringar och vuxna: Attityder och resultat. 43. Norrlands Universitetssjukhus.
Olycksanalysgruppen. Umeå. 1993.
Björnstig, U & Andersson, P: Hjälmlag effektivt sätt minska skador? Tonåringars och vuxnas attityder
analyserade. Läkartidningen. Vol. 92. No 7. pp. 662-665. 1995.
Björnstig, U & Näslund, K: Pedal Cycling Accidents - Mechanisms and Consequences. A study from
Northern Sweden. Acta Chir Scand. No 150. pp. 353-359. 1984.
Björnstig, U, Öström, M, Eriksson, A & Sonntag-Öström, E: Head and face injuries in bicyclists
--with special reference to possible effects of helmet use. J Trauma. Vol. 33. No 6. pp.
887-893. 1992.
BMA: Cycling Towards Health & Safety. The British Medical Association. Oxford. 1992.
BMA: Cycle helmets. The British Medical Association. The Chameleon Press. London. 1999.
BMJ: Electronic responses to: NEWS EXTRA: Guidelines could reduce children's head injuries from
cycling Anna Ellis BMJ 2002; 324: 1240b. Internet British Medical Journal.
http//bmj.com/cgi/eletters/324/7348/1240/b. 2002.
Borglund, ST, Hayes, JS & Eckes, JM: Florida's bicycle helmet law and a bicycle safety educational
program: did they help? J Emerg Nurs. Vol.
25. No 6. pp. 496-500. 1999.
Britt, J, Silver, I & Rivara, FP: Bicycle helmet promotion among low income preschool children. Inj
Prev. Vol. 4. No 4. pp. 280-283. 1998.
Cameron, M, Finch, C & Vulcan, P: The protective performance of bicycle helmets introduced at the
same time as the bicycle helmet wearing law in Victoria. General 1991-94. Monash University Accident
Research Centre.
Clayton, Victoria. 1994a.
Cameron, M, Newstead, S & Vulcan, P: Analysis of Reductions in Victorian Road Casualties, 1989 to
1992. 17th ARRB Conference, Gold Coast, Queensland, 14-19 August 1994; Proceedings. Australian Road
Research Bord Ltd, Vermont South. Gold Coast, Queensland. 1994b.
Cameron, MH, Heiman, L & Neiger, D: Evaluation of the Bicycle Helmet Wearing Law in Victoria During
it's First 12 Months. General Report 32. Monash University Accident Research Centre. Clayton,
Victoria. 1992.
Cameron, MH, Vulcan, AP, Finch, CF & Newstead, SV: Mandatory bicycle helmet use following a decade
of helmet promotion in Victoria, Australia
- An evaluation. Accident Analysis & Prevention. Vol. 26. No 3. pp. 325-337. 1994c.
Carnall, D: Cycle helmets should not be compulsory. (News). BMJ. Vol
318. No 5 June. p, 1505. 1999.
Carr, D, Skalova, M & Cameron, MH: Evaluation of the Bicycle Helmet Wearing Law in Victoria
During Its First Four Years. Report 76. Monash University Accident Research Centre. Clayton,
Victoria. 1995.
Cave, T & Wood, T: A Strategy for the Introduction of mandatory bicycle helmet use in Victoria.
Report RTA Road Traffic Authority. Hawthorn, Victoria. 1987.
Christensen, L: Marketing bicycle helmets by campaigns in cooperation between national and local
authorities in Denmark. Proceedings of the VIth world congress of the International Road Safety
Organisation: Marketing traffic safety, 3-6 october, 1994, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.
Bertrange, Luxembourg. 1996.
Coffman, S: Promotion of safety helmets for child bicyclists: 2002 update. Online J Knowl Synth
Nurs. Vol. 9. p. 1. 2002.
Coffman, S: Bicycle Injuries and Safety Helmets in Children. Review of Research. Orthopaedic
Nursing. Vol. 22. No 1. pp. 9-15. 2003.
Coffman, S & Kuniansky, N: Strategies to implement helmet legislation for child bicyclists. J Emerg
Nurs. Vol. 23. No 5. pp. 420-424. 1997.
Cote, TR, Sacks, JJ, Lambert-Huber, DA, Dannenberg, AL, Kresnow, MJ, Lipsitz, CM & Schmidt, ER:
Bicycle helmet use among Maryland children: effect of legislation and education. Pediatrics. Vol.
89. No 6 Pt 2. pp. 1216- 1220. 1992.
Cox, J: Bike helmet legislation. A lesson in patience and persistence. Nursing BC. Vol. 27. No 4.
pp. 32-33. 1995.
Curnow, W: The efficacy of bicycle helmets against brain injury. Accident Analysis and Prevention.
No 35. pp. 287-292. 2003.
Cushman, R, Down, J, MacMillan, N & Waclawik, H: Helmet promotion in the emergency room following a
bicycle injury: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. Vol. 88. No 1. pp. 43-47. 1991a.
Cushman, R, James, W & Waclawik, H: Physicians promoting bicycle helmets for children: a randomized
trial. Am J Public Health. Vol. 81. No 8. pp. 1044-1046. 1991b.
Danielsson, K: Öka säkerheten. Kartläggning av olycksmönster i Sverige. Rapport 1986/87:11.
Konsumentverket. Vällingby. 1987.
Dannenberg, AL, Gielen, AC, Beilenson, PL, Wilson, MH & Joffe, A: Bicycle helmet laws and
educational campaigns: an evaluation of strategies to increase children's helmet use. Am J Public
Health. Vol.
319. No 5. pp. 667- 674. 1993.
Davis, A: Increasing the number of cyclists is more important. BMJ. Vol.
320. No 4 january. p. 69. 1997.
Davis, R: Death on the Streets. Cars and the mythology of road safety. Leading Edge Press and
Publishing Ltd. North Yorkshire. 1992/93.
DETR: Tomorrow's roads: safer for everyone. The Government's road safety strategy and casualty
reduction targets for 2010. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. London. 2000.
DiGuiseppi, C & Roberts, IG: Individual-level injury prevention strategies in the clinical setting.
Future Child. Vol. 10. No 1. pp. 53-82. 2000. DiGuiseppi, CG, Rivara, FP & Koepsell, TD: Attitudes
toward bicycle helmet ownership and use by school-age children. American journal of diseases of
children. Vol. 144. No 1. pp. 83-86. 1990.
DiGuiseppi, CG, Rivara, FP, Koepsell, TD & Polissar, L: Bicycle helmet use by children. Evaluation
of a community-wide helmet campaign Jama. Vol. 262. No 16. pp. 2256-2261. 1989.
Dorsch, MM, Woodward, AJ & Somers, RL: Do bicycle safety helmets reduce severity of head injury in
real crashes? Accid Anal Prev. Vol. 19. No 3. pp. 183-190. 1987.
Dowswell, T, Towner, EM, Simpson, G & Jarvis, SN: Preventing childhood unintentional injuries--what
works? A literature review. Inj Prev. Vol.
321. No 2. pp. 140-149. 1996.
ECT: Improving Bicycle Safety without making helmet-use compulsory. Official position of the
European Cyclists' Federation. European Cyclists' Federation. Brussels, Belgium. 1998.
Ekman, R: Personlig kommunikation. Räddningsverket. 2003.
Ekman, R, Schelp, L, Welander, G & Svanström, L: Can a combination of local, regional and national
information substantially increase bicycle-helmet wearing and reduce injuries? Experiences from
Sweden. Accid Anal Prev. Vol. 29. No 3. pp. 321-328. 1997.
Ekman, R & Welander, G: The results of 10 years' experience with the Skaraborg bicycle helmet
program in Sweden. International Journal for Consumer & Product Safety. Vol. 5. No 1. pp.
23-39. 1998.
Elliott, BJ & Associates: Bicycle helmet research. Report B J Elliott & Associates. Melbourne. 1983.
Elliott & Shanahan Research: An exploratory study of high school students' reaction to bicycle
helmets. Report GR/86/10. Elliot & Shanahan Research. Sydney. 1986.
Ellis, A: Guidelines could reduce children's head injuries from cycling. Internet British Medical
Journal. http//bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7348/1240/b. 2002.
Encarta: Encarta, uppslagsverk 2001. Micro Soft Works Suite. 2002.
Englund, A, Gregersen, NP, Hydén, C, Lövsund, P & Åberg, L: Trafiksäkerhet. En kunskapsöversikt.
Studentlitteratur. Lund. 1998.
Evans, L: Traffic safety and the driver. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 1991.
Evans, L: Cycle helmets and the law. Bmj. Vol. 308. No 6943. pp. 1521-1522. 1994.
Farley, C, Haddad, S & Brown, B: The effects of a 4-year program promoting bicycle helmet use among
children in Quebec. Am J Public Health. Vol. 86. No 1. pp. 46-51. 1996.
Farley, C, Otis, J & Benoit, M: Evaluation of a four-year bicycle helmet promotion campaign in
Quebec aimed at children ages 8 to 12: impact on attitudes, norms and behaviours. Can J Public
Health. Vol. 88. No 1. pp. 62- 66. 1997.
Finch, CF: Teenagers' attitudes towards bicycle helmets three years after the introduction of
mandatory wearing. Inj Prev. Vol. 2. No 2. pp. 126-130. 1996.
Finch, CF, Heiman, L & Neiger, D: Bicycle use and helmet wearing rates in Melbourne, 1987 to 1992:
the influence of the helmet wearing law. General Report 45. Monash University Accident Research
Centre. Clayton, Victoria. 1993a.
Finch, CF, Newstead, SV, Cameron, MH & Vulcan, AP: Head Injury Reductions in Victoria Two Years
After Introduction of Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Use. General Report 51. Monash University Accident
Research Centre. Clayton, Victoria. 1993b.
Floerchinger-Franks, G, Machala, M, Goodale, K & Gerberding, S: Evaluation of a pilot program in
rural schools to increase bicycle and motor vehicle safety. J Community Health. Vol. 25. No 2. pp.
113-124. 2000.
Folkhälsoinstitutet: Det är en glädje att cykla. Hjälmen är bra för alla
- Fakta för äldre cyklister. Informationsbroschyr. Folkhälsoinstitutet - Skadeprogrammet. WHO -
Sekretariatet - Svenska Hjälminitiativet. Stockholm. 1994.
Folkhälsoinstitutet: 2:a nationella cykelhjälmskonferensen 27-28 november 1997, Lundsbrunns
konferens & kurort, Götene. Cykelhjälmen ett vaccin mot huvudskador. Minskar lidande och sänker
kostnader. Vaccinera! Konferensrapport. 1998:25. Folkhälsoinstitutet. Stockholm. 1998.
Foss, RD & Beirness, DJ: Bicycle Helmet Use in British Columbia: Effects of the Helmet Use Law.
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Highway Safety Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC,
USA. 2000.
Frank, C: NTF Skånes opinionsbildare för en ökad cykelhjälmsanvändning. Rapport Cykelhjälm 1:94.
NTF-Skåne. Malmö. 1994.
Fredlund, P: Personskador i trafiken. Blekinge 1988-1995. Rapport Trafikskaderegistret
Blekingesjukhuset, Landstinget Blekinge. Karlskrona. 1996.
Friberg, I: På uppdrag av Vägverket: Utvärdering av kampanjen "Cykelveckan". Rapport Pnr:664. IFS
Ingrid Friberg Samhällsinformation AB. Stockholm. 1997.
Gilchrist, J, Schieber, RA, Leadbetter, S & Davidson, SC: Police enforcement as part of a
comprehensive bicycle helmet program. Pediatrics. Vol. 106. No 1 Pt 1. pp. 6-9. 2000.
Godefrooij, T: Debate is counterproductive. BMJ. Vol. 322. No 28 April.
p. 69. 2001.
Graitcer, PL, Kellermann, AL & Christoffel, T: A review of educational and legislative strategies to
promote bicycle helmets. Inj Prev. Vol. 1. No 2. pp. 122-129. 1995.
Haglund, BJA & Svanström, LO: Evidensbaserad skadeprevention. Om effekter och effektivitet i
skadeförebyggande och säkerhetsfrämjande arbetet. 1999:22. Karolinska Institutet. Institutionen för
folkhälsovetenskap. Avdelningen för socialmedicin. Folkhälsoinstitutet. Nationella skadeprogrammet.
Stockholm. 1999.
Hallion, J: Bicycle helmet safety inquiry: Submission to the House of Representatives Standing
Committee on Transport Safety. Occasional Paper
1/85. South Australian Department of Transport. Division of Road Safety. Adelaide. 1985.
Healy, M & Maisey, G: The impact of helmet wearing legislation and promotion on bicyclists in
Western Australia. Report TB92-6. Western Australia Police Department. Research and Statistics Unit.
Perth. 1992.
Heathcote, B & Maisey, G: Bicycle use and attitudes to the helmet wearing law. Report TB94-1 Traffic
Board of Western Australia. Perth. 1994.
Hedin, A & Källestål, C: Kunskapsbaserat folkhälsoarbete. Del 1. Handbok för sammanställningar av
redan gjorda kunskapsöversikter om interventioner inom folkhälsoområdet. Rapport 2002:22. Statens
Folkhälsoinstitut. Stockholm. 2002.
Hedlund, J: Risky business: safety regulations, risk compensation, and individual behavior. Injury
Prevention. Vol. 2000. No 6. pp. 82-90. 2000.
Henderson, M: The Effectiveness of Bicycle Helmets - A Review. Report MAARE-010995. Motor Accidents
Authority. Sidney, NSW. 1995.
Henderson, M: Helmet Initiatives in Australia: A world model. Paper presented at the International
Conference on Bicycle Helmet Initiatives, February, 17, 1996, Melbourne, Australia 1996.
Hendrickson, SG & Becker, H: Reducing one source of pediatric head injuries. Pediatr Nurs. Vol. 26.
No 2. pp. 159-162. 2000.
Hillman, M: Cycle Helmets. The Case for and Against. Psi Report 752. 1993. 32p. 1993.
Hillman, M: Health benefits of cycling greatly outweigh loss of life years from deaths. BMJ. Vol.
314. No 4 january. p. 70. 1997.
Jacobson, B: Personlig kommunikation. Borås kommun. 2002.
Jaffe, B & Tamir, D: Bicycle helmets in Israel: observed change in usage following a nationwide
campaign. Isr J Med Sci. Vol. 32. No 2. pp. 135-137. 1996.
Johnston, BD, Rivara, FP, Droesch, RM, Dunn, C & Copass, MK: Behavior change counseling in the
emergency department to reduce injury risk: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. Vol. 110. No
2 Pt 1. pp. 267-274. 2002.
Kanny, D, Schieber, RA, Pryor, V & Kresnow, MJ: Effectiveness of a state law mandating use of
bicycle helmets among children: an observational evaluation. Am J Epidemiol. Vol. 1;154. No 11. pp.
1072-1076. 2001.
Kedjidjian, CB: Bicycle Helmets Save Lives. Traffic Safety. 1994/05.
1(86) pp.16-19 National Safety Council. 1121 Spring Lake Drive. 1994.
Kim, AN, Rivara, FP & Koepsell, TD: Does sharing the cost of a bicycle helmet help promote helmet
use? Inj Prev. Vol. 3. No 1. pp. 38-42. 1997.
King, M & Fraine, G: Bicycle helmet legislation and enforcement in Queensland 1991 to 1993: Effects
on helmet wearing and crashes. 1994 Australian pedestrian and bicyclist safety and travel workshop,
Melbourne, Australia. Proceedings. ARRB Transport Research Vermont South. Melbourne. 1994.
Klassen, TP, MacKay, JM, Moher, D, Walker, A & Jones, AL: Communitybased injury prevention
interventions. Future Child. Vol. 10. No 1. pp. 83-
2. 2000.
Kommunikationsdepartementet: På väg mot det trafiksäkra samhället. Ds
3:13 Regeringskansliet. Kommunikationsdepartementet. Stockholm. 1997. Krag, T: Cycle Helmets. To the
participants in the "Helmets For All" Conference 26-28 April, 1993, Stockholm. European Cyclists
Federation. ECF policy office. Dansk Cyklist Forbund. Copenhagen. 1993.
Laflamme, L, Engström, K & Hasselberg, M: Sociala skillnader i skaderisker. En rapport om den
socioekonomiska fördelningen av skador bland barn och ungdomar i Sverige. Statens Offentliga
Utredningar SOU
3:1. Barnsäkerhetsdelegationen. Stockholm. 2002.
Larsson, J: Bearbetning av patientstatistik för 1988-1998 avseende trafikskadade. Lägesrapport för
år 2000. VTI Notat 78-2000. Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 2000.
Larsson, J: Bearbetning av patientstatistik för 1988-1999 avseende trafikskadade. VTI Notat 75-2001.
Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 2001.
Leblanc, JC, Beattie, TL & Culligan, C: Effect of legislation on the use of bicycle helmets. Cmaj.
Vol. 166. No 5. pp. 592-595. 2002.
Lee, AJ, Mann, NP & Takriti, R: A hospital led promotion campaign aimed to increase bicycle helmet
wearing among children aged 11-15 living in West Berkshire 1992-98. Inj Prev. Vol. 6. No 2. pp.
151-153. 2000.
Leicester, P, Nassau, F & Wise, A: The Introduction of Compulsory Bicycle Helmet Wearing in
Victoria. General Report GR/91-4. Vicroads road Safety Division. Hawthorn. 1991.
Liikenneturva: Monitoring of Traffic Behaviour in Finland year 2000. Internet
Liikenneturva. The Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland.
liikenneturva.fienglseurantal2000.pdf. 2002.
Liller, KD, Smorynski, A, McDermott, RJ, Crane, NB & Weibley, RE: The MORE HEALTH bicycle safety
project. J Sch Health. Vol. 65. No 3. pp. 87-90. 1995.
Ljungblom, B-Å: Försöksverksamhet med att öka innehav och användningsfrekvens av cykelhjälmar hos
barn och ungdomar i Ronneby kommun. Undersökning av hur barn och ungdomar samt deras föräldrar i
Ronneby kommun i vissa avseenden upplever motortrafiken. Rapport Blekinge läns landsting.
Karlskrona. 1989.
Logan, P, Leadbetter, S, Gibson, RE, Schieber, R, Branche, C, Bender, P, Zane, D, Humphreys, J &
Anderson, S: Evaluation of a bicycle helmet giveaway program--Texas, 1995. Pediatrics. Vol. 101. No
4 Pt 1. pp. 578-
4. 1998.
LTSA: Cycle helmets. Internet Land Transport Safety Authority, LTSA.
ltsa.govt.nzhelmets.html. 2002a.
LTSA: Fact Sheet. Cycle safety features and safety rules. Internet Land Transport Safety Authority,
LTSA. ltsa.govt.nz01.html. 2002b.
MacKay, M, Klassen, T & Cushman, R: Trends in bicycle helmet use in Ottawa-Carleton, 1988-1997.
Impact of bicycle helmet legislation? Plan-it Safe. Child & Youth Injury Prevention Center.
Childrens Hospital of Eastern Ontario. Ottawa, Ontario. 1998.
Macknin, ML & Medendorp, SV: Association between bicycle helmet legislation, bicycle safety
education, and use of bicycle helmets in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Vol. 148. No 3. pp.
255-259. 1994.
Macpherson, AK & Macarthur, C: Bicycle Helmet Legislation: Evidence for Effectiveness. Pediatr Res.
Vol. 52. No 4. p. 472. 2002.
Macpherson, AK, Parkin, PC & To, TM: Mandatory helmet legislation and children's exposure to
cycling. Inj Prev. Vol. 7. No 3. pp. 228-230. 2001.
Macpherson, AK, To, TM, Macarthur, C, Chipman, ML, Wrigth, JG & Parkin, PC: Impact of Mandatory
Helmet Legislation on Bicycle-Related Head Injuries in Children: A Population-Based Study.
Pediatrics. Vol. 110. No
5. pp. 1-5. 2002.
Mallard, C: Personlig kommunikation. Fax 1997-05-26. NTF-Skåne. 1997.
Marshall, J & White, M: Evaluation of the Compulsory Helmet Wearing Legislation for Bicyclists in
south Australia. Report 8/94. South Australian Department of Transport, Office of Road Safety.
Walkerville. 1994.
McDermott, FT: Bicyclist head injury prevention by helmets and mandatory wearing legislation in
Victoria, Australia. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. Vol.
6. No 1. pp. 38-44. 1995.
Ministry of Transportation & Highways: On sept. 3, what you need to know about B.C´s new helmet law.
News Release August 29, 1996. 1996.
Mock, CN, Maier, RV, Boyle, E, Pilcher, S & Rivara, FP: Injury prevention strategies to promote
helmet use decrease severe head injuries at a level I trauma center. J Trauma. Vol. 39. No 1. pp.
29-33; discussion 34-25. 1995.
Moore, DW & Adair, V: Effects of a school-based education programme on safety helmet usage by 11 to
13-year-old cyclists. Educational
Psychology. Vol. 10. No 1. pp. 73-78. 1990.
Morgan, M, Peberdy, J & Rogerson, P: Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria 1990-1991 and Other
Bicycle Safety Factors. Report GR 91-9. Vic Roads. Road Safety Division. Hawthorn, Victoria. 1991.
Morris, BA & Trimble, NE: Promotion of bicycle helmet use among schoolchildren: a randomized
clinical trial. Can J Public Health. Vol.
82. No 2. pp. 92-94. 1991.
Morris, BA, Trimble, NE & Fendley, SJ: Increasing bicycle helmet use in the community. Measuring
response to a wide-scale, 2-year effort. Can Fam Physician. Vol. 40. pp. 1126-1131. 1994.
Newstead, SV, Cameron, MH, Gantzer, S & Finch, CF: Bicyclist Head Injuries in Victoria Three Years
after the Introduction of Mandatory Helmet Use. Report 75. Monash University, Accident Research
Centre. Clayton, Victoria. 1994.
NHTSA: State Legislative Fact Sheet. Bicycle Helmet Use Laws. National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, Department of Transportation. Washington. 2002.
Ni, H, Sacks, JJ, Curtis, L, Cieslak, PR & Hedberg, K: Evaluation of a statewide bicycle helmet law
via multiple measures of helmet use. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Vol. 151. No 1. pp. 59-65. 1997.
NISU: Bicycle Helmets. Injury Issues Monitor, National Injury Surveillance Unit. No 1. pp.
1-8. 1992.
Nolén, S: "Helmet Contract" - A method of increasing bicycle helmet usage among those cycling to and
from work. Book of Abstracts of papers presented at "Third International Conference on Injury
Prevention and Control in Melbourne" 18-22 February, 1996. NISU. Australian Institute of Health and
Welfare. Bedford Park, South Australia. 1996.
Nolén, S: Trafiksäkerhetspotential av ökad cykelhjälmsanvändning i Sverige. VTI notat 34-1998.
Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 1998.
Nolén, S: Lägesrapport för projekt "Metoder för ökad hjälmanvändning hos vuxna som cyklar till
arbetet". Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Brev daterat 1999-12-15. Linköping. 1999a.
Nolén, S: Vad tycker cyklister om hjälmanvändning? En litteraturstudie. VTI rapport 429. Statens
väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 1999b.
Nolén, S: Cykelhjälmsanvändning i Blekinge under fem år med Säkereken. Resultat från
observationsmätningar 1996-2000. VTI notat 31-2001. Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
Linköping. 2001.
Nolén, S: Cykelhjälmsanvändning i Sverige 1988-2001. Resultat från VTI:s observationsstudie 2001.
VTI notat 16-2002. Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 2002.
Nolén, S: Cykelhjälmsanvändning i Sverige 1988-2002. Resultat från VTI:s observationsstudie 2002.
Manus till VTI notat. Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 2003.
Nolén, S & Lindqvist, K: Lokal "Cykelhjälmslag" i Motala. En processtudie. VTI rapport 459 Statens
väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. Linköping. 2001.
Nolén, S & Lindqvist, K: A local bicycle helmet "law" in a Swedish municipality - the structure and
process of initiation and implementation. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. Vol. 9. No 2. pp.
89-98. 2002.
Nolén, S & Lindqvist, K: A local bicycle helmet "law" in a Swedish municipality - The effects on
helmet use. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. In press. 2003.
NRSP: Road Safety Update. Fall in cycle helmet wearing rates. National Road Safety Plan.
Christchurch. 1993.
NTF: För säkrare cykling. Cykelsäkerhetsrådets handlingsprogram 1988-89. NTF. Stockholm. 1988.
NTF: IDÉ BOKEN. Cykelhjälm -93. NTF i samarbete med landets Trafiksäkerhetsförbund/ föreningar. NTF.
Landskrona. 1993.
NTF: HuvudNyheterna. En tidning om cykelhjälm för lärare på låg- och mellanstadiet. NTF.
Stockholm. 1995.
OECD: Behavioural adaptations to changes in the road transport system. Road Transport Research
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Paris. 1990.
Parkin, PC, Hu, X, Spence, LJ, Kranz, KE, Shortt, LG & Wesson, DE: Evaluation of a subsidy program
to increase bicycle helmet use by children of low-income families. Pediatrics. Vol. 96. No 2. pp.
283-287. 1995.
Parkin, PC, Spence, LJ, Hu, X, Kranz, KE, Shortt, LG & Wesson, DE: Evaluation of a promotional
strategy to increase bicycle helmet use by children. Pediatrics. Vol. 91. No 4. pp. 772-777. 1993.
Pendergrast, RA, Ashworth, CS, DuRant, RH & Litaker, M: Correlates of children's bicycle helmet use
and short-term failure of school-level interventions. Pediatrics. Vol. 90. No 3. pp. 354-358. 1992.
Pietro, PD & Maisey, G: The effect on wearing rates of a cyclist helmet scheme for school-aged
children. Research Report 88/5. Western Australia Police Department. Research and Statistics Unit.
Perth. 1988.
Pless, IB: Venting spleen: helmet legislation. Inj Prev. Vol. 6. No 1.
p. 3. 2000.
Povey, LJ, Frith, WJ & Graham, PG: Cycle helmet effectiveness in New Zealand. Accident Analysis &
Prevention. Vol. 31. No 6. pp. 763-770. 1999.
Prop. 1996/97:137: Regeringens proposition. Nollvisionen och det trafiksäkra samhället. Regeringen.
Stockholm. 1997.
Puder, DR, Visintainer, P, Spitzer, D & Casal, D: A comparison of the effect of different bicycle
helmet laws in 3 New York City suburbs. Am J Public Health. Vol. 89. No 11. pp. 1736-1738. 1999.
Quine, L, Rutter, DR & Arnold, L: Persuading school-age cyclists to use safety helmets:
Effectiveness of an intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour. British Journal of Health
Psychology, Vol. 6(4), 327 345, Nov. 2001.
Regeringens proposition: Nollvisionen och det trafiksäkra samhället. Prop 1996/97:137 Riksdagstryck.
Stockholm. 1997.
Ressler, WH & Toledo, E: Kasdah B'Rosh Tov: a description and evaluation of the Israeli bicycle
helmet campaign. Health Educ Behav. Vol. 25. No
3. pp. 354-370. 1998.
Rivara, FP, Thompson, DC, Patterson, MQ & Thompson, RS: Prevention of bicycle-related injuries:
helmets, education, and legislation. Annu Rev Public Health. Vol. 19. pp. 293-318. 1998.
Rivara, FP, Thompson, DC, Thompson, RS, Rogers, LW, Alexander, B, Felix, D & Bergman, AB: The
Seattle Children's Bicycle Helmet Campaign: Changes in Helmet Use and Head Injury Admissions.
Pediatrics. Vol. 93. No 4. pp. 567-569. 1994.
Robinson, D & Acton, C: Helmet laws and health. Inj Prev. Vol. 4. No 3. pp. 170-172. 1998.
Robinson, DL: Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws. Accid Anal Prev. Vol. 28. No 4. pp.
463-475. 1996.
Robinson, DL: Changes in head injury with the New Zealand bicycle helmet law. Accid Anal Prev. Vol.
33. No 5. pp. 687-691. 2001.
Rodgers, GB: Bicycle and Bicycle Helmet Use Patterns in the United States in 1998. Journal of Safety
Research. Vol. 31. No 3. pp. 149-158. 2000.
Rodgers, GB: Effects of state helmet laws on bicycle helmet use by children and adolescents. Inj
Prev. Vol. 8. No 1. pp. 42-46. 2002.
Rosenberg, ML & Sleet, DA: Injury Control Recommendations for Bicycle Helmets. Journal of School
Health. Vol. 65. No 4. pp. 133-139. 1995.
Rourke, LL: Bicycle helmet use among schoolchildren. Impact of a community education program and a
cycling fatality. Can Fam Physician. Vol. 40. pp. 1116-1124. 1994.
Rouzier, P & Alto, WA: Evolution of a successful community bicycle helmet campaign. J Am Board Fam
Pract. Vol. 8. No 4. pp. 283-287. 1995.
Royles, M: International literature review of cycle helmets. Project Report 76. Transport Research
Laboratory. Crowthorne, Berkshire. 1994.
Ruch-Ross, HS & O'Connor, KG: Bicycle helmet counselling by pediatricians: A random national survey.
American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 83. No 5. pp. 728-730. 1993.
Rungie, C & Trembath, R: Observational study of bicycle helmet wearing among south Australian
shoolchildren. Report 14/88 8/94. South Australian Department of Transport, Road Safety Division.
Adelaide. 1987.
Sacks, JJ, Holmgreen, P, Smith, SM & Sosin, DM: Bicycle-associated head injuries and deaths in the
United States from 1984 through 1988. How many are preventable? Jama. Vol. 266. No 21. pp.
3016-3018. 1991.
Safe Kids: Safe Kids Canada supports bicycle helmet legislation. Internet Safe Kids Canada.
safekidscanada.caSafeKidsWeek
4/BikeHelmetLegislation.html. 2002.
SCB: Konsumentprisindex (1980=100), fastställda tal, samt beräknade årsmedeltal. Internet SCB.
scb.sepr0101tab1.asp. 2002.
Scheidt, PC, Wilson, MH & Stern, MS: Bicycle helmet law for children: a case study of activism in
injury control. Pediatrics. Vol. 89. No 6. pp. 1248-1250. 1992.
Schieber, RA, Gilchrist, J & Sleet, DA: Legislative and regulatory strategies to reduce childhood
unintentional injuries. Future Child. Vol. 10. No 1. pp. 111-136. 2000.
Schieber, RA, Kresnow, MJ, Sacks, JJ, Pledger, EE, O'Neil, JM & Toomey, KE: Effect of a state law
on reported bicycle helmet ownership and use. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Vol. 150. No 7. pp
707-712. 1996.
Scott, IKR: Report on Australian bicycle helmet requirements and education programs by state and
territory. Child Accident Prevention Foundation of Australia. National Injury Surveillance Unit
Melbourne, 1992, 34 s. 1992.
Scuffham, P: Helmet Mandatory in New Zealand. Headlines. Vol. 3 (Spring,
5). No 2. p. 8. 1994.
Scuffham, P, Alsop, J, Cryer, C & Langley, JD: Head injuries to bicyclists and the New Zealand
bicycle helmet law. Accid Anal Prev. Vol.
6. No 4. pp. 565-573. 2000.
Scuffham, PA & Langley, JD: Trends in cycle injury in New Zealand under voluntary helmet use.
Accident Analysis & Prevention. Vol. 29. No 1. pp. 1-9. 1997.
Shafi, S, Gilbert, JC, Loghmanee, F, Allen, JE, Caty, MG, Glick, PL, Carden, S & Azizkhan, RG:
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional pediatric trauma
center. J Pediatr Surg. Vol. 33. No 2. pp. 317-321. 1998.
SIKA/SCB: Vägtrafikskador 2000. Sveriges officiella statistik Statens Institut för
KommunikationsAnalys. Statistiska Centralbyrån. Stockholm. 2001.
SIKA/SCB: Vägtrafikskador 2001. Sveriges officiella statistik Statens Institut för
KommunikationsAnalys. Statistiska Centralbyrån. Stockholm. 2002.
Smith, NC & Milthorpe, FW: An observational survey of law compliance and helmet wearing by
bicyclists in New South Wales - 1993. Report Roads and Traffic Authority. Network Efficiency Branch.
Sydney. 1993.
Smith, PK: Increasing Bicycle Helmet Use in Michigan: A School-Based Intervention Pilot Program.
Evaluation Report. Report. Michigan Bicycle Helmet Advisory Committee. Michigan. 1991.
Social Development Committee: Inquiry into Child Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety. First report.
Parliament of Victoria. Melbourne. 1986.
Spolander, K: Bike helmets - A safety device for the nineties. Paper presented at VELO CITY 89,
Copenhagen August 21-23, 1989. NTF, The National Society for Road Safety. Kista. 1989.
Staysafe 12: Bicycle Safety. Report New South Wales Parliament. Joint Standing Committee on Road
Safety. Sydney. 1988.
Stevens, MM, Olson, AL, Gaffney, CA, Tosteson, TD, Mott, LA & Starr, P: A pediatric, practice-based,
randomized trial of drinking and smoking prevention and bicycle helmet, gun, and seatbelt safety
promotion. Pediatrics. Vol. 109. No 3. pp. 490-497. 2002.
Ståhlspets, Å: Cykelprojekt 1997. Tekniska kontoret, Gävle kommun. Gävle. 1998.
Sullivan, G: Initial effects of mandatory bicycle helmet wearing legislation. VIC Roads. Road
Information Service IR 90-15 Hawthorn, 1990, 15 s. 1990.
Svanström, L, Welander, G, Ekman, R & Schelp, L: Development of a Swedish bicycle helmet promotion
programme--one decade of experiences. Health Promot Internation. Vol. 17. No 2. pp. 161-169. 2002.
Svenska Hjälminitiativgruppen: Kampanj/skolmanual Hjälm-5:an för 11- åringar, med exempel. En
återkommande enkel rutin... ...hindrar och lindrar huvudskador. Broschyr. Svenska
Hjälminitiativgruppen - WHOsekretariatet. Lidköping. 1999.
Svensson, HE: Trafikmätningar i Göteborg 2001. Rapport 3:2002. Göteborgs stad, trafikkontoret,
trafikplanering. Göteborg. 2002.
Svernfors, T: Cykelhjälmsprojektet vid Västra skolan i Falun. Hur man med information lyckas bryta
högstadieelevernas fördomar och förmå dem använda cykelhjälm. PM Göteborg. 1993.
Tarvainen, A-L: Personlig kommunikation. E-mail 2002-12-06. Kommunikationsministeriet,
Finland. 2002.
The Cochrane Collaboration: Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook 4.1.6. Updated January 2003. The Cochrane
Collaboration. cochrane.dehbook.htm. 2003.
Thompson, D, Rivara, F & Thompson, R: Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists
(Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. No 1. pp. 1-27. 2003.
Thompson, DC, Rivara, FP & Thompson, RS: Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head
injuries. A case-control study. Jama. Vol.
7. No 24. pp. 1968-1973. 1996.
Thompson, DC, Thompson, RS & Rivara, FP: Risk compensation theory should be subject to systematic
reviews of the scientific evidence. Internet Inj Prev 2002; 8: 1e.
ip.bmjjournals.come1. 2002.
Thompson, DC, Thompson, RS, Rivara, FP, Adams, J & Hillman, M: Risk compensation theory should be
subject to systematic reviews of the scientific evidence o The risk compensation theory and bicycle
helmets. Internet Inj Prev 2002; 8: 1e. ip.bmjjournals.come1. 2002.
Thompson, NJ, Sleet, D & Sacks, JJ: Increasing the use of bicycle helmets: lessons from behavioral
science. Patient Educ Couns. Vol. 46. No 3. pp. 191- 197. 2002.
Thompson, RS, Rivara, FP & Thompson, DC: A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety
helmets. N Engl J Med. Vol. 320. No 21. pp. 1361-1367. 1989.
Tiippana, L: Stockholmstrafiken. Cykelräkningar 2000. Rapport 2000:3. Stockholm stad. Gatu- och
fastighetskontoret. Fastighetskontoret. Stockholm. 2000.
Towner, E, Dowswell, T, Burkes, M, Dickinson, H, Towner, J & Hayes, M: Bicycle Helmets - A review of
their effectiveness: A critical review of the literature. Department for Transport. London. 2002.
Towner, P & Marvel, MK: A school-based intervention to increase the use of bicycle helmets. Fam Med.
Vol. 24. No 2. pp. 156-158. 1992.
Transafe: Bicycle Helmet Safety. Final Report on the Motorcycle and Bicycle Helmet Safety Inquiry.
Report of the House Representatives Standing Committee on Transport Safety The Parliament of the
Commonwealth of Australia. Canberra. 1985.
Trippe, H: Bicycle Helmet Initiatives - Where Have We Got To? Journal of
Traffic Medicine. Vol. 22. No 3. pp. 113-117. 1994.
TTM Consulting: Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria: March 1994. General Report GR 94-6. TTM
Consulting Pty. Ltd. Abbotsford. 1994.
U.S Department of Health and Human Service: Healthy People 2010. Volume
V. Objectives for Improving Health. Part B: Focus Areas 15-28. Report
W.S Department of Health and Human Service. Wasington, DC. 2000.
Walker, MB: Law compliance and helmet use among cyclists in New South Wales. Consultant Report CR
6/90. Roads and Traffic Authority. Road Safety Bureau. Rosebery. 1990.
Walker, MB: Law compliance and helmet use among cyclists in New South Wales, April 1991. Consultant
Report CR 1/91. Roads and Traffic Authority. Road Safety Bureau. Rosebery. 1991.
Walker, MB: Law compliance among cyclists in New South Wales, April 1992. A third survey. Report
Roads and Traffic Authority. Network Efficiency Branch. Rosebery. 1992.
Wardlaw, MJ: Three lessons for a better cycling future. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL. No 321. pp.
1582-1585. 2000.
Watts, D, O'Shea, N, Flynn, E, Trask, A & Kelleher, D: Effect of a bicycle safety program and free
bicycle helmet distribution on the use of bicycle helmets by elementary school children. J Emerg
Nurs. Vol. 23. No 5. pp. 417-419. 1997.
Weiss, BD: Trends in bicycle helmet use by children: 1985 to 1990. Pediatrics. Vol. 89. No 1. pp.
78-80. 1992.
Wesson, D, Spence, L, Hu, X & Parkin, P: Trends in bicycling-related head injuries in children after
implementation of a community-based bike helmet campaign. J Pediatr Surg. Vol. 35. No 5. pp.
688-689. 2000.
Widarsdotter, K: Personlig kommunikation. 05-30-2000. Borås kommun. 2000.
Wilde, G: Target risk. PDE Publications. Toronto, Canada. 1994.
Williams, MA: Evaluation of the NSW introduction of compulsory bicycle helmet legislation. Resarch
Note RN 17/94. Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales, Road Safety and Traffic Management.
Sydney. 1995.
Winn, GL, Jones, DF & Bonk, CJ: Taking it to the streets. Helmet use and bicycle safety as
components of inner-city youth development. Clin Pediatr. Vol. 31. No 11. pp. 672-677. 1992.
Wise, A: Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria 1983-1989. General Report GR 89-1. Vic Roads Road
Safety Division. Hawthorn. 1989.
Wood, T & Milne, P: Head injuries to pedal cyclists and the promotion of helmet use in Victoria,
Australia. Accid Anal Prev. Vol. 20. No 3. pp. 177- 185. 1988.
Wren, J: Bicycle 'Helmet Wars': Fact, Fiction and Moving Forward. Internet Safekids, a Service of
Starship Children's Hospital. helmets.orgnzhelmets.pdf. 2002.
Wright, M, Rivara, FP & Ferse, D: Evaluation of the Think First head and spinal cord injury
prevention program. Inj Prev. Vol. 1. No 2. pp. 81-85. 1995.
Vulcan, AP, Cameron, MH & Heiman, L: Evaluation of Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Use in Victoria,
Australia. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 36th annual conference, Portland,
Oregon, October 5-7, 1992. Proceedings. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine,
AAAM. Des Plaines, IL. 1992.
Vulcan, AP, Cameron, MH & Watson, WL: Mandatory bicycle helmet use: experience in Victoria,
Australia. World J Surg. Vol. 16. No 3. pp. 389-397. 1992.
Vulcan, P: Establishing Compulsory Bicycle Helmet Wearing - the Experience in Victoria, Australia.
Helmets for all. European conference on how to promote helmet wearing for leisure and sport, 26-28
april 1993, Stockholm, Sweden. European consumer satety association (ECOSA). Amsterdam, The
Netherlands. 1993.
Vägverket: "Gud tänkte på allt, utom löst grus på asfalt". Utvärdering av cykelvecka 1995. Publ.
1995; 43. Vägverket, marknadsanalys. Borlänge. 1995.
Vägverket: Analys av press, radio och TV. Cykelveckan 1995 och 1996. Publ. 1996; 54. Vägverket,
marknadsanalys. Borlänge. 1996.
Vägverket: Projekt företagshjälmen 1995-1997. För ökad cykelhjälmsanvändning i region Skåne. Rapport
Publ 97:142. Vägverket. Borlänge. 1997.
Vägverket: Utvärdering av kampanjen CYKELVECKAN 1998. Publ. 1998; 81. Vägverket, marknadsanalys.
Borlänge. 1998.
Vägverket: Trafiksäkerhetsrapport 1998. Publikation 1999:35. Vägverket. Borlänge. 1999.
Vägverket: Så når vi trafiksäkerhetsmålen - Pressmeddelande Nr 39, 2002-08-14. Internet Vägverket.
vv.sehkpress40.htm. 2002.
Önning, A: Personlig kommunikation. Redovisning av kampanjen cykelhjälm -99. Personlig
kommunikation. PM 1999-10-21. SATSA: Arbetsgruppen för äldre och funktionshindrade. 1999.
*********************
End Research Source List
*********************
Source: vti.seedetalj.asp PDF Pages 86-99 (Numbered 83-96)
Garry Jones English Cyclist ResIDING in Sweden

Report

Active in the last 60 minutes

Active in this thread

0 users · 0 guests ·0 bots ·0 total

No signed-in users are active right now.

No known search crawlers active right now.

Jump through the discussion

What we know about this thread

Continue through CyclingForums

Active in this thread