Two-wheeled systems are susceptible to vibrational modes
which can depend on the energy storage/release characteristics
of every flexible and/or massive object attached to them.
The resonance depends on speed because of the way a bike
remains upright; it's essentially always out of balance, but constantly
correcting between left and right leans. At a certain speed, this
corrective oscillation matches the resonant frequency of the hinge
and spring system (the bike and rider) and, as all resonances do,
builds until it reaches some other limit, if there is another limit.
If there isn't, something breaks or the bike oscillates with an
amplitude that includes the ground.
And it gets weird when you try to guess how to cause or prevent
it.
For instance, if you lower the air pressure in your /rear/ tires you
may
change the resonant frequency of the system in such a way that
your /front/ end vibrates at a speed in your normal range. At least,
that's what it feels like. The whole bike is actually contributing
to that vibration.
There are ways to design these resonant frequencies out of the range
of speeds you're likely to encounter; and ways to critically damp every
mode of vibration in the system so that it never vibrates, but it'd be
too complicated and expensive a process when designing a bicycle.
It's really the kind of thing you'll do to a building or a bridge. For
anything else, you'd test it, and if a vibration occurs, just try a few
different parts until you find a combination where the problem is
gone or acceptable.
And as soon as someone customizes their new bike, it all changes.
--Blair