What specific physiological adaptations in the cardiovascular system, such as changes in stroke volume, cardiac output, or systemic vascular resistance, occur as a result of consistent triathlon training, and how do these adaptations contribute to improved overall cardiovascular health, particularly in terms of reducing the risk of chronic diseases like hypertension, coronary artery disease, and heart failure? Additionally, how do the muscular demands of triathlon training, including the repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise and prolonged periods of low-intensity exercise, impact muscle fiber type distribution, capillarization, and mitochondrial density, and what are the implications of these muscular adaptations for overall muscular health and athletic performance? Furthermore, are there any specific training protocols, such as high-intensity interval training or periodized training, that can optimize the cardiovascular and muscular benefits of triathlon training, and what role do factors like nutrition, recovery, and sleep play in supporting these adaptations and reducing the risk of overtraining and injury?