http://www.eisc.ca/poison_in_the_grass.htm
Poison In The Grass:
The Hazards And Consequences Of Lawn Pesticides
Nathan Diegelman
The S.T.A.T.E. Foundation
[email hidden]
As the use of lawn chemicals and pesticides has grown, questions have arisen
regarding safety hazards and environmental consequences. This report gives
factual findings to help answer many of these concerns. Some of them may seem
shocking, since the chemical pesticide industry has made every effort to keep
this information from the public. Everything that follows in this report is
documented and supported by the U.S.Federal Government, private agencies, and
other experts.
Contrary to what lawn "care" companies would like people to believe, herbicides
(weed killers) and other pesticides are not "magic bullets". They are broad
spectrum biocides, and by their very nature can harm organisms other than
targeted species. This includes homeowners and their families, neighbors, pets,
and all other forms of life. The pesticide industry downplays this by claiming
their chemicals are heavily diluted, but doesn't mention the toxins are still
extremely dangerous in small amounts. They also are unwilling to mention all of
what is in their mixtures. Many components are classified as "inert", which
allows them to be kept hidden from the public and not listed on product labels.
These are more than just fillers or solvents. "Inert" does not mean "inactive"
- some, such as benzene and xylene, are more toxic than listed chemicals.(1,2)
Listed chemicals can be just as dangerous. They include components of war-time
defoliants like Agent Orange, nerve-gas type insecticides, and artificial
hormones. Some the Federal Government has even prohibited from use on it's own
property. Many pesticides are not safe when dry. Water evaporates, but most
pesticides remain and continue to release often odorless and invisible toxic
vapors. In areas where lawn spraying is common, they accumulate in a toxic smog
throughout the entire season. Some pesticides remain active for years after
application. DDT is still showing up in higher rates in women's breast milk
than the government permits in cow's milk.(4) Fat soluble pesticides accumulate
over time in our bodies, then are released at potentially toxic levels when
illness or stress results in our fat reserves being metabolised.A large portion
of a woman's lifetime exposure to such pesticides is released in the breast
milk for her firstborn child.(37)
It is a violation of U.S.Federal law to claim pesticides are "safe when used as
directed" since nothing can assure safety.(2,3,5) (However, Agriculture Canada,
the federal agency responsible until recently for licensing pesticides in
Canada, routinely used this statement, adding for good measure that "most
pesticides are safer than table salt". Fortunately, pesticides in Canada are
now licensed by Health Canada.) Some pesticides labeled "bio-degradable"
degrade into compounds more dangerous than the original. Examples include
Mancozeb, which degrades into a substance that is an EPA-classified probable
carcinogen.(6) The pesticide industry also implies that "organic" means safe
and natural (for example, "Nature's Lawn"😉, knowing that the term legally may
be applied to any compound containing carbon and hydrogen. ChemLawn and other
lawn "care" companies and manufacturers have often been sued for fictitious
claims.(5-14) Many applicators are just as conniving and deceitful, using
statements like "absolutely cannot harm children or pets" and "perfectly safe
for the environment" to mislead the public. The New York State Attorney General
s Office sued Dow Elanco chemical company when they claimed that Dursban shows
"no evidence of significant risk to the environment" when right on the label is
stated "this pesticide is toxic to birds and extremely toxic to fish and
aquatic organisms".(15) A few years later on May 2, 1995, the EPA fined Dow
Elanco for "failing to report to the Agency information on adverse health
effects (to humans) over the past decade involving a number of pesticides,
including chlorpyrifos (brand name Dursban)". Most of the information came from
personal injury claims against Dow Elanco which the company had hidden from the
EPA. Now it is even being found that chlorpyrifos causes multiple
sclerosis.(38)
Some companies have even made claims that their products better the
environment. "Funk" lawn care of New York has coined the phrase "Growing A
Better Environment" in order to fool consumers into believing lawn chemicals
pose no ecological harm. Another states "a 50-by-50 foot lawn produces enough
oxygen to sustain a family of four." But this is only true with a plot of land
that has tall grass and no lawn care. Pesticides, lawnmower fumes and common
lawn care practices actually create a net destruction of oxygen.(16)
The United States General Accounting Office, the investigative arm of Congress,
has also tried to alert the public to lawn chemical dangers. GAO's undercover
team noted many fictitious claims by many in the lawn "care" industry.(35) Many
included illegal claims of product safety. Others were just deceiving, such as
the ChemLawn claim that a child would have to ingest ten cups of treated grass
clippings to equal the toxicity of one baby aspirin. In fact, the real danger
is not that people will be grazing the lawn but that most poisonings come from
inhaling pesticide residues or absorbing them through the skin.(6,7,10)
Most do-it-yourselfers are just as ignorant when it comes to proper protection
and safety precautions. Studies show most don't even look at the warnings on
their toxins. They don't wear gloves, goggles, or protective clothing to
decrease exposure. Worse, many don't keep people off the contaminated area
after chemicals are applied. Homeowners commonly use up to ten times as much
pesticides per acre as farmers.(7,17) A Virginia Tech study for the state
legislature found that most homeowners have no idea how much nitrogen they use
when fertilizing and that they apply chemicals in ways that damage water
supplies.(18)
Pesticides drift and settle during application. In the Antarctic ice pack alone
there are 2.4 million pounds of DDT and its metabolites from years past.(26)
Pesticides engulf the home and are easily tracked inside, readily inhaled and
absorbed through the skin. They do harm by attacking the central nervous system
and other essential organs. Symptoms of pesticide poisoning are often
deceptively simple, commonly mis-diagnosed as flu or allergies. They include,
but are not limited to, headaches, nausea, fever, breathing difficulties,
seizures, eye pains, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, sore nose, tongue, or throat;
burning skin, rashes, coughing, muscle pain, tissue swelling, blurred vision,
numbness and tingling in hands or feet, incontinence, anxiety, irritability,
sleep disorders, hyperactivity, fatigue, dizziness, irregular heartbeat, high
blood pressure, spontaneous bleeding, and temporary paralysis. Long-term
consequences include lowered fertility, birth defects, miscarriages, blindness,
liver and kidney dysfunction, neurological damage, heart trouble, stroke,
immune system disorders, menstrual problems, memory loss, suicidal depression,
cancer, and death. The National Academy of Sciences reports that at least one
out of seven people are significantly harmed by pesticide exposure each
year.(3) Increasingly, reports from many people around the country are
"beginning to link feeling terrible with the fact the neighbors had the lawn
sprayed the day before", notes Catherine Karr, a toxicologist for the National
Coalition Against The Misuse Of Pesticides.(7) Unfortunately, except for
industrial accidents, tests for pesticide poisoning are rarely performed,
partially because they are expensive. Doctors also attribute them to stress,
allergies, influenza, or an overactive imagination.(3)
Many Americans are developing Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), a bizarre
and extremely disabling condition. In 1979, the Surgeon General issued a report
stating "There is virtually no major chronic disease to which environmental
factors do not contribute, directly or indirectly." Indeed, people today are
exposed to synthetic chemicals at levels unmatched at any time throughout human
history. Washington Post staff writer Michael Weiskopf noted in a February 10,
1990 article that "hypersensitivity to low levels of toxic chemicals (MCS) is a
serious and growing medical problem, threatening to cause significant economic
consequences by disabling large numbers of otherwise healthy people." MCS is a
result of the destruction of the body's ability to tolerate and synthesize
chemicals after exposure to toxic substances. Victims develop extreme reactions
now not only to lawn pesticides but also hair sprays, perfumes, soaps,
formaldehyde, and many other common household products.(5,36) Many victims
include former lawn pesticide applicators and users, their families, and
children.
Sharon Malhorta, a registered nurse from Pittsburgh, would get so sick from
lawn and tree spraying that she had to leave her home every spring. Otherwise
she would suffer headaches, paralysis in her hands and feet, and muscle
seizures. Repeated exposure caused blurred vision, speech difficulties, and
severe stomach cramps. Her husband, a doctor, suspected early on her symptoms
were the result of nerve damage from organophosphates, which are widely used
nerve-gas type insecticides, like Diazinon. After questioning lawn companies
about their products he was told they were "practically nontoxic", registered
by the EPA, and not harmful to people or pets. He later discovered that the
chemicals his wife was exposed to were in fact neurotoxins, and was shocked to
discover there were surprisingly few EPA studies on their health effects.(19)
Karen James, a Michigan postal worker, successfully sued ChemLawn in 1988.
While walking past one of their trucks, a hose ruptured and she was drenched
with chemicals. The employee told her not to worry, that only fertilizers were
in the spray. But soon after she became seriously ill, and her eyes and skin
burned. When her symptoms of fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, and reduced vision
didn't clear up, her doctor called ChemLawn to find out what chemicals she had
been exposed to. He was told no pesticides had been involved, but after tests
on Karen s body tissue detected high levels of Dursban, ChemLawn admitted the
truck contained pesticides. Many other suits against lawn companies are settled
out of court. Frequently the settlement restrains the victim from talking about
the incident, so the public is not informed.(19)
For the price of green lawns, children are also being poisoned. In 1985 a
married couple in Sarasota, Florida, felt pressured by their neighbors to get
their lawn treated. They hired a company, never thinking their 2-year-old
daughter would be jeopardized. The company declared the yard would be safe
about an hour after the chemicals were applied. However, soon after playing
barefoot on the grass, the couple's daughter developed a rash all over her
body, her urine turned dark brown, and she ran a high fever. Her doctor
prescribed antibiotics, but her condition grew steadily worse. Her hands and
feet swelled to twice normal size, blistered, and peeled. Her lips turned black
and bled. Years later she is still permanently prone to headaches and has 40%
hearing loss in her right ear.(19)
Barry and Jackie Veysey believe lawn chemicals were responsible for the death
of their baby son. Barry was a professional turf master, and the chemicals he
worked with may have mutated his sperm or poisoned the infant in utero. Every
time Jackie washed her husband's uniforms, the chemicals may have been absorbed
through her skin and permeated the placenta. The child was born with a severe
and fatal type of dwarfism. Jackie held her son only once before he died due to
massive failure of his underdeveloped organs.(19)
Kevin Ryan from Arlington Heights, Illinois, feels like a prisoner in his home.
"I can't even play in my own yard because the neighbors spray their lawns and
trees", he says. Kevin suffered routine chemical exposure as a toddler from
lawn spraying, and now suffers nausea, irritability, fatigue, and loss of
memory whenever pesticides are nearby. His family moves to Colorado every
spring and fall, the peak spraying times of the year, to keep him safe.(19,20)
In 1986, Robin Dudek of Hamburg, New York pulled the garden hose off her lawn
and used it to fill a wading pool for her daughters Amanda, 3, and Kristen, 2.
Earlier her lawn had been sprayed with chemicals. When Amanda started drinking
from the hose, she began to scream that the water was burning her. Then Kristen
began crying and screaming as well. Robin took the children inside and noticed
burn marks on both of them, as well as the smell of chemicals on Amanda's
breath. The girls later suffered from fevers, swollen eyes, and blisters the
size of grape clusters around their necks.(19)
Christina Locek was a professional ice skater and pianist before her health was
destroyed in 1985, when a her neighbor s lawn was sprayed with pesticides. Her
cat and dog died that same day, and she suffers headaches, partial paralysis,
vision loss, and blood disorders.(21) Former Navy Lieutenant George Prior
developed a fever, headache, and nausea after playing on a golf course treated
with Daconil. It was later discovered he was suffering from toxicepidermal
necrolysis, which causes skin to fall off in sheets and massive organ failure.
Prior died soon after.(6,8)
According to the EPA, 95% of the pesticides used on residential lawns are
possible or probable carcinogens.(3,22) In 1989 the National Cancer Institute
reported children develop leukemia six times more often when pesticides are
used around their homes.(3,22) The American Journal of Epidemiology found that
more children with brain tumors and other cancers had been exposed to
insecticides than children without.(3) Studies by the National Cancer Society
and other medical researchers have discovered a definite link between fatal
non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (NHL) and exposure to triazine herbicides (like
Atrazine), phenoxyacetic herbicides (2,4-D), organophosphate insecticides
(Diazinon), fungicides, and fumigants; all of which have uses as lawn
chemicals. This may be an important contributing factor to the 50% rise in NHL
over the past ten years in the American population. Studies of farmers who once
used these pesticides found alarmingly high numbers of NHL, especially in those
who didn't wear protective clothing. This latest finding also proves the theory
that most danger from pesticides comes through dermal absorption, not
ingestion.(23) A University of Iowa study of golf course superintendents found
abnormally high rates of death due to cancer of the brain, large intestine, and
prostate.(4) Other experts are beginning to link golfers, and non-golfers who
live near fairways, with these same problems.(8,24)
Documented cases of pesticides in groundwater wells are suspect for cancer
clusters showing in many towns. In 1989, drinking water in at least 38 states
was known to be contaminated.(3) After the herbicide Dacthal was applied to
Long Island golf courses, it was detected in drinking water wells at levels
twenty times the State's safety limits. The water also contained a dioxin that
is a highly toxic by-product of Dacthal(8,19). The New York State Attorney
General sued the manufacturer in 1989 to investigate the contamination and
develop a treatment program, since ground water is the main source of drinking
water for Long Island. Twenty-two other pesticides have been found in the water
so far. However, there is still no requirement or systematic program designed
to test for drinking water contamination.(3,25) As Michael Surgan, Ph.D., Chief
Environmental Scientist for the New York State Attorney General, and an
advocate for responsible pesticide use, puts it, "If you buy the notion that we
have to accept a certain amount of risk from pesticides to safeguard the food
supply, that's one thing, he notes. But with lawns, people are applying
carcinogens simply for the sake of aesthetics. That's got to change".(4)
Pesticides and chemical fertilisers are becoming some of the worst water
pollutants in America. Discharges into San Francisco Bay from the central
valley of California are estimated at almost two tons per year.(26) Phosphorous
levels in some Maryland streams have doubled since 1986. And an EPA study found
potentially harmful levels of nitrate from chemical fertilizers in drinking
water wells nationwide. This can cause blue-baby syndrome , an oxygen-depriving
condition in infants that can be fatal.(18) Environmental impacts are also
devastating. Ward Stone, a DEC wildlife pathologist, has long studied bird
kills from pesticides that were used according to regulation. Documented cases
of owls, mourning doves, sparrows, blue birds, and many other songbirds killed
by lawn chemicals are on the rise. Waterfowl like Canadian geese, mallards,
wood ducks, and others have suffered even worse. In 1984 there were 700 brant
found dead on a Long Island country club after it was sprayed with
Diazinon.(8,27) Pesticide exposure causes shivering, excessive salivating,
grand mal seizures, wild flapping, and sometimes screaming according to U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service volunteer Diana Conger. Ward Stone likens these birds
to miners' canaries, foreshadowing serious harm to humans from chemical
build-up in the environment.(28)
Most people seriously overestimate the amount of protection given them by
governments regarding pesticide safety. Congress found that 90% of the
pesticides on the market lack even minimal required safety screening.(3) Of the
34 most used lawn pesticides, 33 have not been fully tested for human health
hazards.(4) If any tests are done, they are performed by the chemical
manufacturers, not the EPA. "If a chemical company wanted to, they could start
with a desired conclusion, and skew the data, and the EPA would never know",
notes David Welch, an entomologist with the EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs.
Welch did a random sampling of 15 pesticide files and found 13 without proper
reviews.(19) One third of the most commonly used lawn pesticides were illegally
registered for use. Despite the fact executives of Industrial Bio- Test labs
were given jail terms for faking pesticides tests, the chemicals are still on
the market.(3) Shortages in funding, personnel, and interference from business
has slowed re-evaluation of these chemicals.(25) Even when the EPA does refuse
a pesticide registration, the manufacturer often files a lawsuit, which keeps
the chemical on the market.(19) Jay Feldman, coordinator of the National
Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides, is well aware of this. "The EPA
should be called the IPA- the Industry Protection Agency", he charges. The
chemical industry is extremely powerful, and wraps the EPA in red tape. It is
also essential to understand that by law pesticide registration in the U.S.A.
is not a consumer safety program.(9) According to Congress, the EPA does not
have testing and assessment guidelines specifically for lawn use.(25) EPA has
admitted in court that pesticide registration does not ensure product safety.
Rather, it is a balancing act of costs and risks.(1-5,7-9,15,22) Most lawn
pesticides were registered before 1972, when more stringent restrictions took
effect under the revised Federal Rodenticide and Fungicide Act. They were never
tested for many human health hazards like carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, and
environmental dangers. Most, as previously stated, have yet to be re-evaluated,
yet remain on the market.
Read the labels on many lawn pesticide products, sprayed by lawn companies or
sold in stores, and you will find one or more of the following: 2,4-D, Captan,
Diazinon, Dursban, Dacthal, Dicamba, and Mecocrop. Each was registered without
full safety screening. 2,4-D is an artificial hormone that has become a synonym
for "dangerous pesticide", but dermal absorption of mecoprop is far more
dangerous, and dicamba is much more persistent in the environment - a mixture
of these three is usually used, not 2,4-D alone. Diazinon has been banned for
use on golf courses and sod farms due to massive waterfowl deaths but is still
widely used on lawns and gardens. It is an organophosphate which disables the
nervous system by blocking enzymes essential for nerve impulse transmission.
People can protect themselves and their families by knowing the facts. If
having grass that looks more like Astroturf than living plants still seems
essential, it doesn't have to come with pesticides but is possible with
products or programs that are organic and natural. This list of alternatives
continues to grow, and they are safer, cheaper, and often work better than
pesticides.(3,5) Ringer Corporation vice president Fred Hunt markets natural
fertilizers and microbes that kill pests. "We just don't think a lot of these
chemicals are necessary for aesthetic use on homeowners' lawns", he reveals.(7)
Chemicals add salt to the soil and kill beneficial nitrogen-fixing
microorganisms that provide necessary nutrients for grass, turning a lawn into
a junkie.(29) Each quick fix of green creates a dependence for the next.
Synthetic fertilizers kill earthworms and other organisms that aerate soil,
causing it to compact and kill grass plants. Inorganic nitrogen-based
fertilizers also promote the sprouting of weeds.(30) Compounds in chemical
fertilizers also acidify the soil and aid in breeding of some insects. Lawns
need a soil pH between 5.6 and 7 or else they turn pale and thin out.
Additional doses of chemicals will only make matters worse.(31,32) Recycling
grass clippings saves money, reduces waste, and according to Lawn Institute
Director Eliot C. Roberts is equivalent to three applications of fertilizer a
year without unhealthy chemicals and their side-effects. Natural fertilizers
are also better because they are time released, allowing grass to grow slower
and tougher, requiring much less care.
Insects have been best controlled by other insects for millions of years, and
the lawn is no exception. Insecticides often kill more beneficial insects than
problem ones. Once the natural balance is destroyed, continued reliance on
insecticides will occur. This is also true of weed killers. When a crabgrass
stand is killed with an herbicide, there will still be thousands of seeds ready
to start anew.(31) In the long run, pesticides can actually help the very pests
they target by also killing their predators, and their use becomes
self-perpetuating. Until a natural balance is restored, more and more will have
to be spent each year on chemicals, and resistant pests may also invade. Using
alternative strategies will bring better results and be kinder to the
environment. Integrated Pest Management gives simple, long-lasting solutions
which require no chemicals, much less money, and much less time and effort.
Many alternatives not explored here can be found in the books and articles
listed at the end of this report.
What makes a plant a "weed" is often only a matter of opinion. For instance, it
was once a sign of prestige to have clover in a lawn. Their flowers and silky
green leaves were once prized by homeowners, as was their natural production of
nitrogen fertiliser, and clover seed was sold by the bushels, alone or mixed
with grass seed. It wasn't until a chemical company discovered a pesticide that
killed clover but not always grass and launched an enormous advertising
campaign that clover became no longer fashionable. As a result, people today
ignore its fine qualities, even though throughout the 1950s it was "common as
bluegrass".(33)
A growing list of over 9,000 Americans are participating in the National
Wildlife Federation Backyard Wildlife Habitat program. By growing tall grasses,
they attract a dazzling array of wildflowers, butterflies, and birds, creating
habitats that are the aesthetic match of any manicured lawn. Suggestions on
what to plant to best attract wildlife can be obtained from the Fish & Game
Department of any state in the country.(34)
The lawn pesticide industry is a very recent creation by chemical firms to
expand the market for aging farm chemicals. These products are not necessary
for use on lawns and pose serious ecological and human health risks that
outweigh any benefits they offer. Integrated Pest Management strategies offer
alternatives that work better and have less harmful effects. Proper legislation
to protect the public regarding pesticide use is still seriously
insufficient.(35) Therefore, the responsibility rests on the public to be the
ultimate judge of what the acceptable levels of risk will be for their families
and environment.(4)
References:
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New York State Attorney General's Office. "Pesticides In The Schools: Reducing
The Risks." New York State Department Of Law, 1994.
"Lawn Chemical Dangers." American Defender Network, 1989.
Davidson, Osha Gray. "Pesticides: The Killing Fields." Woman s Day 20 September
1994.
The S.T.A.T.E. Foundation (Sensitive To A Toxic Environment), 4 Hazel Court,
West Seneca, NY 14224.
Begley, Sharon & Hager, Mary. "Please Don't Eat The Daisies." Newsweek 16 May
1988.
Stevens, William K. "Public Said To Disregard Dangers Of Manicuring The
Greensward." The New York Times 17 September 1990.
New York State Attorney General's Office. "Toxic Fairways: Risking Groundwater
Contamination From Long Island Golf Courses." New York State Department Of Law,
1990.
New York State Attorney General's Office. "Lawn Care Pesticides And Safety:
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Meier, Barry. "Lawn Care Concern Says It Will Limit Safety Claims." The New
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24 April 1994.
Fischer, Aldeheid. "Grass Is Not Always Greener: Reasons Not To Love Lawns."
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Runoff Ending Up In Area's Water Supply." The Washington Post 28 April 1991.
Sayan, Kathyrne. "The Pesticide Scandal." Family Circle 2 April 1991.
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Skow, John. "Can Lawns Be Justified?" TIME Magazine 3 June 1991.
"Warning: The Use Of Pesticides May Be Hazardous To Your Health". American
Cancer Society, Erie County Branch.
Zahm, Sheila and Aaron Blair. "Pesticides and Non-Hodgkin s Lymphoma." Cancer
Research 1 October 1992.
Associated Press. "Lawn Herbicide Called Cancer Risk For Dogs." The New York
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Reregistration Falls Further Behind and Exposure Effects Are Uncertain."
GAO/RCED-93-80, Washington, DC: April 1993.
Rudd, Robert C. "Pesticides." Encyclopedia Americana 1990.
Hershenson, Roberta. "Study Finds Use of Some 'Safe' Pesticides Harmful." The
New York Times 14 April 1985.
Levy, Claudia. "Pretty Lawns May Be Lethal For Songbirds: Pesticides Blamed For
Toll On Wildlife." The Washington Post 28 April 1991.
Polk, Nancy. "The Perfect Lawn Isn't Always Green." The New York Times 17
October 1990.
Findlay, Steven & Terry Thompson. "Watch That Weed Killer." US News & World
Report 16 September 1991.
Henkenius, Merle & Eugene Thompson. "Natural Lawn Care." Popular Mechanics July
1993.
"The Green Way To A Green Lawn." Consumer Reports June 1990.
Schultz, W. "The Chemical Free Lawn." Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1989.
Glastris, Kukula. "Letting The Lawn Run Wild." US News & World Report 27 August
1990.
United States General Accounting Office. "Lawn Care Pesticides: Risks Remain
Uncertain While Prohibited Safety Claims Continue." GAO/RCED-90-134.
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Bartle, Hazel. "Quiet Sufferers of the Silent Spring". New Scientist 18 May
1991.
International Joint Commission on the Great Lakes. "Selected Persistent Toxic
Substances in Human Breast Milk in the Great Lakes Basin". March 1990.
Arch.Env.Health 48:89 (1993)