Kingdoms - how are they related?

Joachim Pense said:

Having learned in a recent thread ("first life form on earth"😉 that it is time to refresh what I
had learned in school long ago, I found that biologists today classify the life forms into five
kingdoms:

- Animal Kingdom: organisms that usually move around and find their own food.
- Plant Kingdom: organisms that make their own food and do not actively move around.
- Fungi Kingdom: organisms that absorb food from living and non-living things.
- Protist Kingdom: organisms that have single, complex cells.
- Moneran Kingdom: organisms that have single, simple cells.

This leads me to the question: how are these kingdoms related evolutionary?

To me it looks like the Animal Kingdom consists by definition of multicellular organisms only,
otherwise the Protist Kingdom would be a part of the Animal Kingdom. Is this conclusion right?

I guess that the animals are evolved from colonies of protists.

I wildly guess that the fungi have evolved from the plants. Correct?

But what is the single-celled version of the plants? Are they also called plants, or are they
protists, too (which I do not believe). I do not think that cynaobacteria (belonging to the Moneran
Kingdom) are the candidates, because plants have complex cells. Or maybe monocellular plants just
do not exist?

Can there any order be established which kingdom evolved from which? Does it even make sense to
discuss this sort of question?

Joachim

As I have indicated in the other thread, you really do need to read a good intro biology text. Also,
most biologists now go with the three domain - six kingdom breakdown of living things, not the older
five kingdom.

Here are some web sources. Note that most web pages are either highly technical or just lecture
notes from courses and are intended for people who have already heard the lectures.
ucmp.berkeley.edueukevol1.htmlOpen ↗
palaeos.comdefault.htmOpen ↗
campus.murraystate.eduMicrob.pdfOpen ↗
biols.susx.ac.ukdomains.htmOpen ↗
biols.susx.ac.ukkingdoms.htmOpen ↗
science.kennesaw.edukingdoms.htmOpen ↗

The multicellular eukaryotes all evolved from single celled eukaryotes who belong to the kingdom
Protista. There are "animal-like" protists and "plant-like" protists l and "fungus-like" protists.
There are most definitely single-cell plant-like things called algae. The plant are very closely
related and almost certainly evolved from one group of algae called the chlorophyta, the green
algae. The blue-green bacteria or cynaobacteria used to be called blue-green algae. These seem to be
the ancestors of the chloroplasts in plants, the cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs. That
relates to the origins of eukaryotes in the endosymbiont theory, too complex to explain in detail
here. Google it for more.

Joachim Pense <[email hidden]> wrote or quoted:

Quoted message said:

Can there any order be established which kingdom evolved from which? Does it even make sense to
discuss this sort of question?

The lowest bit of the tree of life that we can see looks something like:

,=============== Eubacteria
|
| ,== Euryarchaeota
LCA==| ,=Archaea=| `==| `== Crenarchaeota-Eocytes
|
`============ Eukaryotes

...or...

,======== Eubacteria
|
| ,===== Euryarchaeota
LCA==| | `==| ,== Crenarchaeota-Eocytes `==| `== Eukaryotes

[ These diagrams come from: tolweb.orgtreeOpen ↗ ]

The next bit of the tree of our ancestors goes:

,===== Plants Eukaryotes==|
| ,== Animals
`==| `== Fungi
--
__________
|im |yler timtyler.orgtimtyler.orgOpen ↗ [email hidden] Remove lock to reply.