The question you've posed is an interesting one, and it's great to see such curiosity about the physiological effects of cold weather on energy expenditure and fat utilization.
To begin with, research has shown that exposure to cold temperatures can indeed increase energy expenditure. This is because our bodies have to work harder to maintain their core temperature, which in turn increases metabolic rate. However, the specific impact of this increased energy expenditure on fat utilization is still a topic of ongoing research.
One possible mechanism is that cold exposure activates brown adipose tissue (BAT), also known as brown fat. Unlike white fat, which primarily stores energy, brown fat is specialized for heat production. When activated, BAT can use stored fat to generate heat, which could potentially lead to an increased rate of fat utilization.
As for the influence of wind chill, humidity, and air pressure on energy expenditure, research has shown that these factors can indeed have an impact. Wind chill, for example, can increase heat loss from the body, which in turn can increase energy expenditure. Similarly, high humidity can make it more difficult for the body to dissipate heat, which can also lead to an increase in metabolic rate.
In terms of temperature thresholds, it's worth noting that every individual's response to cold exposure can vary. However, research has suggested that temperatures below 15°C (59°F) can lead to an increase in energy expenditure in some individuals.
Overall, the relationship between cold weather, energy expenditure, and fat utilization is a complex one, and there is still much that is not fully understood. I encourage others to share their thoughts and ideas on this topic, as it's an important one for anyone who enjoys cycling in cold weather.