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WHO accused of huge HIV blunder
19:00 03 December 03
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The positive HIV test was a surprise. The boy let's call him Sipho
- never had a blood transfusion. He did not inject drugs or have
another South African victim of AIDS.
The natural assumption was that he must have picked up the disease from his mother in the womb, but
her HIV test came back negative. So where did Sipho catch the virus? No one can be sure, but it is
most likely that he was infected in hospital, perhaps by a needle that had not been sterilised after
being used on an infected patient.
The World Health Organization thinks that tragedies like Sipho's are very much the exception. It
estimates that unsafe injections during healthcare account for just 2.5 per cent of HIV cases in
HIV: The scale of the epidemic
But some researchers believe the role of dirty needles has been greatly underestimated. If they are
right, relatively simple measures could save millions of people worldwide.
This week, the group Physicians for Human Rights based in Washington DC sent an open letter to the
WHO and UNAIDS. It calls for more resources to be spent on preventing infection by dirty needles.
The letter says people should be educated about the dangers, and measures taken such as providing
syringes that cannot be used more than once.
'Firestorm of protest'
But the WHO and UNAIDS have long resisted the suggestion that injections are an important driver of
the epidemic. "It has been a huge struggle to make the case that this is a significant part of the
epidemic," says Ernest Drucker, an AIDS expert at Yeshiva University in New York. "We've run into a
firestorm of protest."
"The worry is that if too much attention is paid to unsafe injections
James Whitworth at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, who backs the WHO position.
Another fear is that vaccination programmes will be undermined if injections are seen as risky.
While these concerns might be valid, critics argue the consequences of downplaying the role of dirty
needles are far worse. The most vociferous of them is David Gisselquist, an independent researcher
in Hershey, Pennsylvania, who has published a string of papers highlighting dirty needles as a major
risk factor (New Scientist print edition, 1 March 2003).
Using the WHO's own estimate that 7.6 per cent of infections in 1988 were from dirty needles or
blood transfusions, he says healthcare is to blame for 10 million infected people today. If needles
cause closer to half of all infections, as Gisselquist believes, tackling the problem would have
kept the epidemic confined to high-risk groups, he claims.
"In Asia, if we don't get that message out, the epidemic could really blow up," he warns. The WHO's
own figures, based on observations in hospitals and clinics, suggest that up to 75 per cent of
injections in parts of south-east Asia are carried out using unsterilised equipment, compared with
just 20 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa.
Unpublished report
Gisselquist's work prompted the WHO to hold a meeting on unsafe injections in March 2003. He says
data supporting his claims was presented, but it was not reflected in the meeting's conclusions.
Instead, the press release proclaimed: "An expert group has reaffirmed
of HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa."
Six months before the meeting, UNAIDS drew up a report, which has been seen by New Scientist, that
contradicts this position. Based on a review of 23 studies, it concludes that in sub-Saharan Africa,
"contaminated injections may cause between 12 and 33 per cent of new HIV infections". That is far
higher than the accepted 2.5 per cent figure.
That report has never been published, prompting Gisselquist to accuse the WHO of ignoring evidence
that does not support its views. But according to Peter Ghys of UNAIDS in Geneva, the document was a
preliminary draft that has since been incorporated into a much larger summary of the evidence. That
study, due to be published early next year, will support the WHO estimate of about 2.5 per cent.
George Schmid, a senior researcher on HIV at the WHO in Geneva and author of the revised study, says
the apparent change of view arises because a statistical technique used in the 2002 draft is
inappropriate for HIV.
The reviewed studies calculate a "population attributable fraction", the proportion of infections in
the population due to a specific risk factor. Schmid says this method works for non-infectious
diseases, but not when infected people can affect the future course of the disease by infecting
other people.
Second birthday
Gisselquist's critics also ask why hepatitis C, which is mainly spread by needles, does not mirror
the pattern of HIV infection, and why HIV has spread in some countries with relatively good
healthcare.
In response, Gisselquist claims hundreds of studies have reported significant numbers of children
who, like Sipho, have contracted the disease despite having HIV-negative parents or parents with a
different HIV strain.
A study of nearly 10,000 South Africans released in 2002, for instance, found that 5.6 per cent of
children aged between 2 and 14 were infected. Most children infected by their mothers die before
their second birthday, so the surprisingly high figure points to
But Schmid says the results of all these studies are questionable. For instance, the instrument used
to collect samples in the South African study was not approved by the FDA for use on children, he
says. Schmid is now helping to design a follow-up study.
Whatever its results, there is little likelihood of the argument being resolved. Drucker claims that
the longer WHO and UNAIDS deny a major role for injections, the harder it is becoming for them to
climb down. The real tragedy, he says, is that injection safety is
the medical care system is not such a major task."
James Randerson