"Cabbages 'cut lung cancer risks'", BBC News, October 27, 2005,
Link: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4382382.stm
Eating vegetables from the cabbage family can reduce the risk of lung
cancer for people with a certain genetic make-up, scientists say.
Such cruciferous vegetables had already been linked to reduced rates of
lung cancer, but it had not been clear why.
The study found eating the vegetables at least once a week cut cancer
risk for people with inactive versions of two genes, carried by 70% of
people.
The Lancet study was by International Agency for Cancer Research
scientists.
The two genes which were studied are the GSTM1 and GSTT1, which
normally protect the body against certain toxins.
Vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli and sprouts are rich in chemicals
called isothiocyanates, which strongly protect against lung cancer.
Normally, isothiocyanates are eliminated from the body by "clean-up"
enzymes produced by the genes GSTM1 and GSTT1.
'Substantial effect'
The researchers from the IACR in Lyon, France, looked at 2,141 patients
with lung cancer and 2,168 healthy individuals from Poland, Slovakia,
Czech Republic, Romania, Russia and Hungary, where cruciferous
vegetables are a normal part of the diet.
DNA samples were taken, and their diets monitored.
No protective effect was seen in people who carried active versions of
both genes.
But eating the vegetables at least once a week was found to have a 33%
protective effect against lung cancer in people who just had an
inactive form of the GSTM1 gene.
Around 50% of people have this form of this gene.
In those with an inactive form of the GSTT1 gene, there was a 37%
protective effect.
Around 20% have this form.
But individuals who had inactive versions of both genes - which applies
to 10% of the population - were 72% protected.
'Environment plus genes'
Dr Paul Brennan, one of the scientists who carried out the study, said:
"These data provide strong evidence for a substantial protective effect
of cruciferous vegetables on lung cancer."
Professor Paulo Boffetta, who also worked on the study, added: "This is
a population who all ate some of these vegetables, so we don't know if
the same pattern would be seen when comparing people who ate a moderate
amount to none, as opposed to a high amount to a medium amount.
"The message here is that environmental effect depends on the genetic
background and vice versa."
But Professor Boffetta said the protective effect of the vegetables
would not rule out the harmful effect of smoking, linked to the
majority of cases of lung cancer.
"The risk a regular smoker will getting lung cancer is 20 times that of
a non-smoker. So even if eating these vegetables cut that risk by half,
smokers would still be at a much higher risk."
Professor Stephen Spiro, of the British Lung Foundation, said: "This
research is very interesting and we will be following further
developments closely.
"Lung cancer causes more than 33,000 deaths in the UK each year and
finding a simple way to help protect some of the population against
this condition would be a huge benefit.
"However, it is important to reiterate the importance of stopping
smoking, and protection from second-hand smoke.
"Further research and testing would need to be done to ascertain the
reliability of research on these vegetables before it could be used in
the UK."